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Egyptian Hieroglyphic Reading Book for Beginners

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20 Egyptian texts  dating from c. 2400 BC to 250 BC  on historical, religious, funereal, other topics printed in hieroglyphics together with transliterations and a complete vocabulary. Also included are full English translations of 8 of the texts. "The Tale of Two Brothers," "The Possessed Princess of Bekhten," many more.

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Introduction to Symbolic Logic and Its Applications

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This book is one of the clearest, most comprehensive and rigorous introductions to modern symbolic logic available in any language. Professor Carnap, a world authority on symbolic logic, develops the subject from elementary concepts and simple exercises through the construction and analysis of a number of relatively complex logical languages. He then considers, in great detail, the application of symbolic logic to the clarification and axiomatization of various theories in mathematics, physics, and biology. Such topics as the nature and use of constants and variables, predicates, sentential connectives, truth-tables, universal and existential sentences, definitions, identity, isomorphism, syntactical and semantical systems and the relations between them, the system of types, varieties of relations, linear order, special operators, structures and cardinal numbers, descriptions, finite and infinite concepts, continuity, thing languages, coordinate languages, axiom systems for set theory, arithmetic, geometry, space-time topology, biological concepts, and many other subjects, are covered in detail. The logic of relations is given a particularly extensive treatment. Hundreds of problems, examples, and exercises are included to give students practice in the techniques of symbolic logic and their usage.

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Twenty Experiments that Changed our View of the World

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These vividly recounted tales of human skill and ingenuity offer fascinating views of the correlation between theories, practical inquiries, ideas, and facts. Re-created strictly on the basis of the original publication in which the results were first announced, the scrupulously accurate retellings of 20 groundbreaking scientific experiments are complemented with rare photos and illustrations.Based on such criteria as fame, historical importance, elegance, and economy of method, the experiments include Aristotle's work on the embryology of the chick, Galileo's discovery of the law of descent, Newton's experiment on the nature of colors, Lavoisier's proof of the oxygen hypothesis, William Beaumont's work on the process of digestion, Faraday's demonstration of the identity of all forms of electricity, J. J. Thompson's discovery of the electron, Michelson and Morely's demonstration of the impossibility of detecting the motion of the earth, and a dozen others.Each experiment is appraised and analyzed in the light of subsequent developments, placing the work within the context of the history of science. In addition to diagrams and photographs of the experimental method and apparatus, brief biographies and portraits of the scientist appear as well.Rom Harre is a Fellow Emeritus of Linacre College, Oxford, and an Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University and American University, Washington, D.C.

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What is the strange fascination of the Mystery-Religions for the ancient world and today, some 2,000 years later, for moderns? Why are these colorful ancient cults so little known, all information about them suppressed or distorted by centuries of official religion in Europe? What did these ancient beliefs have that exacted the respect of Socrates, Plato, Virgil, Apuleius, and other great men of the classical age? Was the religion that stamped them out, Christianity, itself originally a Mystery-Religion, with secret teachings that only initiates could comprehend and psychological techniques not generally revealed?This volume, generally considered the most useful single work in English on the subject, attempts to answer such questions, while at the same time offering a sound, solid background in the various forms of religious experience that are grouped together under the term Mystery-Religions. From the Eleusinian mysteries of ancient Greece through the Asiatic cults of Cybele, the Magna Mater, and Attis; the strange rompings of the Dionysian groups; Orphics with their impact on Greek philosophy; the Mysteries emergent from Egypt  Hermes Trismegistos, the Pymander, Isis, and Osiris; on up to the religion that swept the Near East and Europe, carried by the Roman legions, and that almost became central for us today  Mithraism.Each of these religions offered something to its devotees that the older ethnic and state religions could not: a sense of the value of the individual; heightened areas of experience, even to the manipulations of sensory experience; psychological insights that are only now being appreciated. Yet they all died out within a couple of centuries of the Christian era, Gnosticism (apart from a few vestigial groups in the Near East and Europe) subsuming their heritage last.

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Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, Vol. 1

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Osiris the king, was slain by his brother Set, dismembered, scattered, then gathered up and reconstituted by his wife Isis and finally placed in the underworld as lord and judge of the dead. He was worshipped in Egypt from archaic, pre-dynastic times right through the 4000-year span of classical Egyptian civilization up until the Christian era, and even today folkloristic elements of his worship survive among the Egyptian fellaheen. In this book E. A. Wallis Budge, one of the world's foremost Egyptologists, focuses on Osiris as the single most important Egyptian deity.This is the most thorough explanation ever offered of Osirism. With rigorous scholarship, going directly to numerous Egyptian texts, making use of the writings of Herodotus, Diodorus, Plutarch and other classical writers, and of more recent ethnographic research in the Sudan and other parts of Africa, Wallis Budge examines every detail of the cult of Osiris. At the same time he establishes a link between Osiris worship and African religions. He systematically investigates such topics as: the meaning of the name "Osiris" (in Egyptian, Asar); the iconography associated with him;  the heaven of Osiris as conceived in the VIth dynasty; Osiris's relationship to cannibalism, human sacrifice and dancing; Osiris as ancestral spirit, judge of the dead, moon-god and bull-god; the general African belief in god; ideas of sin and purity in Osiris worship; the shrines, miracle play and mysteries of Osiris; "The Book of Making the Spirit of Osiris" and other liturgical texts; funeral and burial practices of the Egyptians and Africans; the idea of the Ka, spirit-body and shadow; magical practices relating to Osiris; and the worship of Osiris and Isis in foreign lands.Throughout there are admirable translations of pyramid texts (often with the original hierogyphics printed directly above) and additional lengthy texts are included in the appendices. There are also a great many reproductions of classical Egyptian art, showing each phase of the Osiris story and other images bearing upon his worship. The great wealth of detail, primary informatioin, and original interpretation in this book will make it indispensable to Egyptologists, students of classical civilization and students of comparative religion. Since Osiris seems to have been the earliest death and resurrection god, whose worship both caused and influenced later dieties, the cult of Osiris is highly important to all concerned with the development of human culture.

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One of Western civilization's jealously guarded myths is that of Greek cultural supremacy. In this controversial study, William Ivins shows that the limitations of the Greek worldview actually hampered the development of the arts and sciences and gives a stimulating history of the new ideas of the Renaissance, especially in painting and geometry, that freed us from ancient misconceptions. Beginning with the Greeks, the author explains for the general reader the differences between ancient and Renaissance painting and sculpture, proving that the curiously static quality of Greek art arose from a misunderstanding of the laws of perspective. He then shows how this misunderstanding was corrected by Alberti, Pelerin, Durer, and other Renaissance artists who provided the first fruitful investigations of perspective. From there to projective geometry was but a step, and the author covers this major advance in our knowledge through the work of Nicholas of Cusa, Kepler, and Desargues. This book is perhaps the only concise history in English of the development of mathematical perspective and projective geometry. But the author's ability to relate styles in art to advances in geometry and his ingenious theory of the modern "visual" worldview and the Greek "tactile" worldview mean that his book will be provocative not only to mathematical historians but also to art historians and to anyone concerned with the history of thought, from philosopher to layman.

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Classic Problems in Geometric Constructions

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Although easy to comprehend and fun to do, many geometric constructions defy completion with just a ruler and a compass. This book takes an intriguing look at the most famous of these "impossible" constructions. In exploring ground rules, history, and angle trisection, the first part considers angle trisection and bird migration, constructed points, analytic geometry, algebraic classification of constructible numbers, fields of real numbers, cubic equations, and marked ruler, quadratix, and hyperbola (among other subjects). The second part treats nonconstructible regular polygons and the algebra associated with them; specifically, irreducibility and factorization, unique factorization of quadratic integers, finite dimensional vector spaces, algebraic fields, and nonconstructible regular polygons. High school and college students as well as amateur mathematicians will appreciate this stimulating and provocative book, and its glimpses into the crucial role geometry plays in a wide range of mathematical applications.

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"The book is without peer in its field."  American ScientistIn this completely revised and enlarged edition of a classic work in the history of technology, a noted scholar explores the importance of technological innovation in the cultural and economic history of the West.Following an introductory discussion of the place of technology in economic history, the author offers a penetrating historical analysis of social change. Within this context he develops a theory of invention based on Gestalt psychology and a concept of social evolution as continuous development from antiquity to the present. Emphasis is placed on the role of economic forces in the development of technology, with scientific concepts also playing an important role in bringing about change.The latter part of the book focuses on the production and control of power in general, and in particular on a number of important operative mechanisms. Thus we read thought-provoking accounts of the technology of textile manufacture from primitive times, of water wheels and windmills, water clocks, and mechanical clocks, and the work of Leonardo da Vinci. The development of printing is carefully studied, not only for its intrinsic interest, but because of its importance for the history of science. Other topics include the production and application of power (15001830), machine tools and quantity production, the production and distribution of power since 1832, and the role of Asia Minor as a source of techniques which dominated the Middle Ages and the modern period as well.Thoroughly researched and cogently reasoned, A History of Mechanical Inventions belongs in the library of anyone interested in the history of science and invention, as well as the relationship of technology to economic and social history."Throughout the book there is constant proof of the author's wide learning and varied intellectual interests."  The New York Times

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This concise treatment of differential equations is intended to serve as a text for a standard one-semester or two-term undergraduate course in differential equations following the calculus. Emphasis is placed on mathematical explanations  ranging from routine calculations to moderately sophisticated theorems  in order to impart more than a rote understanding of techniques.Beginning with a survey of first order equations, the text goes on to consider linear equations  including discussions of complex-valued solutions, linear differential operators, inverse operators, and variation of parameters method. Subsequent chapters then examine the Laplace transform and Picard's existence theorem and conclude with an exploration of various interpretations of systems of equations.Numerous clearly stated theorems and proofs, examples, and problems followed by solutions make this a first-rate introduction to differential equations.

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Here is a presentation of elementary mathematics that anyone can appreciate, especially those with imagination. As the title suggests, the author's technique relies on visual elements, and his approach employs the most graphic and least "forbidding" aspects of mathematics. Most people, he observes, possess a direct vision that permits them to "see" only the smaller numbers; with the larger numbers, however, vision fails and mental chaos ensues.Sawyer addresses this difficulty, speaking both for those who like recreational mathematics and for those who teach, suggesting a variety of methods used by many effective teachers  techniques of visualizing, dramatizing, and analyzing numbers that attract and retain the attention and understanding of students. His topics, ranging from basic multiplication and division to algebra, encompass word problems, graphs, negative numbers, fractions, and many other practical applications of elementary mathematics.A valuable resource for parents and teachers, this book will captivate any reader seeking an improved understanding of mathematics.

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In this illuminating and instructive survey, author Steven J. Brams demonstrates both the insights and the pitfalls that can result from applying game theoretic models to the analysis of problems in political science. Using plenty of real-life examples, Brams shows how game theory can explain and elucidate complex political situations, from warfare to presidential vetoes. In these cases and others, game theory's mathematical structure provides a rigorous, consistent method for formulating, analyzing, and solving strategic problems. Minimal mathematical background is necessary, making the book accessible to a wide audience of students and teachers of politics and social science, as well as other readers with a serious interest in politics. New preface to the Dover edition. 1975 edition.

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Well known through the work of Buckminster Fuller, models of spherical polyhedral excite the imaginations not only of mathematicians, architects and engineers but also of artists and designers. This book, concerned with polyhedrons, sphere tilings, and dome structures, offers a well-illustrated, practical approach to creating a host of beautiful and interesting models, including starfaced spherical forms that can serve as basic structures for geodesic domes.Employing only the most elementary mathematical principles, the text initially provides complete instructions for making spherical models from five regular solids, using only circular bands of paper, a ruler and a compass. Also discussed is tessellation, or tiling, on a sphere and how to make spherical models of all the semiregular solids. The volume concludes with a discussion of the relationship of polyhedral to geodesic domes and directions for building models of the domes.Abundantly illustrated with photographs, drawings, and computer graphics of attractive geometrical models, this volume will appeal to a wide range of readersfrom students and teachers of mathematics, art, design, architecture and engineering, to recreational mathematics enthusiasts and builders of geodesic domes.

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Perceptively written text examines optimization problems that can be formulated in terms of networks and algebraic structures called matroids. Chapters cover shortest paths, network flows, bipartite matching, nonbipartite matching, matroids and the greedy algorithm, matroid intersections, and the matroid parity problems. A suitable text or reference for courses in combinatorial computing and concrete computational complexity in departments of computer science and mathematics.

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N-person game theory provides a logical framework for analyzing contests in which there are more than two players or sets of conflicting interests-anything from a hand of poker to the tangled web of international relations. In this sequel to his Two-Person Game Theory, Dr. Rapoport provides a fascinating and lucid introduction to the theory, geared towards readers with little mathematical background but with an appetite for rigorous analysis.Following an introduction to the necessary mathematical notation (mainly set theory), in Part I the author presents basic concepts and models, including levels of game-theoretic analysis, individual and group rationality, the Von Neumann-Morgenstern solution, the Shapley value, the bargaining set, the kernel, restrictions on realignments, games in partition function form, and Harsanyi's bargaining model. In Part II he delves into the theory's social applications, including small markets, large markets, simple games and legislatures, symmetric and quota games, coalitions and power, and more.This affordable new edition will be welcomed by economists, political scientists, historians, and anyone interested in multilateral negotiations or conflicts, as well as by general readers with an interest in mathematics, logic, or games.

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Algorithms for Minimization Without Derivatives

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This outstanding text for graduate students and researchers proposes improvements to existing algorithms, extends their related mathematical theories, and offers details on new algorithms for approximating local and global minima. None of the algorithms requires an evaluation of derivatives; all depend entirely on sequential function evaluation, a highly practical scenario in the frequent event of difficult-to-evaluate derivatives.Topics include the use of successive interpolation for finding simple zeros of a function and its derivatives; an algorithm with guaranteed convergence for finding a minimum of a function of one variation; global minimization given an upper bound on the second derivative; and a new algorithm for minimizing a function of several variables without calculating derivatives. Many numerical examples augment the text, along with a complete analysis of rate of convergence for most algorithms and error bounds that allow for the effect of rounding errors.

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Important text examines most significant algorithms for optimizing large systems and clarifying relations between optimization procedures. Much data appear as charts and graphs and will be highly valuable to readers in selecting a method and estimating computer time and cost in problem-solving. Initial chapter on linear and nonlinear programming presents all necessary background for subjects covered in rest of book. Second chapter illustrates how large-scale mathematical programs arise from real-world problems. Appendixes. List of Symbols.

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Realizing that matrices can be a confusing topic for the beginner, the author of this undergraduate text has made things as clear as possible by focusing on problem solving, rather than elaborate proofs. He begins with the basics, offering students a solid foundation for the later chapters on using special matrices to solve problems.The first three chapters present the basics of matrices, including addition, multiplication, and division, and give solid practice in the areas of matrix manipulation where the laws of algebra do not apply. In later chapters the author introduces vectors and shows how to use vectors and matrices to solve systems of linear equations. He also covers special matrices  including complex numbers, quaternion matrices, and matrices with complex entries  and transpose matrices; the trace of a matrix; the cross product of matrices; eigenvalues and eigenvectors; and infinite series of matrices. Exercises at the end of each section give students further practice in problem solving. Prerequisites include a background in algebra, and in the later chapters, a knowledge of solid geometry. The book was designed as an introductory text for college freshmen and sophomores, but selected chapters can also be used to supplement advanced high school classes. Professionals who need a better understanding or review of the subject will also benefit from this concise guide.

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This complete and coherent exposition, complemented by numerous illustrative examples, offers readers a text that can teach by itself. Fully rigorous in its treatment, it offers a mathematically sound sequencing of topics. The work starts with the most basic laws of matrix algebra and progresses to the sweep-out process for obtaining the complete solution of any given system of linear equations  homogeneous or nonhomogeneous  and the role of matrix algebra in the presentation of useful geometric ideas, techniques, and terminology.Other subjects include the complete treatment of the structure of the solution space of a system of linear equations, the most commonly used properties of determinants, and linear operators and linear transformations of coordinates. Considerably more material than can be offered in a one-semester course appears here; this comprehensive volume by Franz E. Hohn, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Illinois for many years, provides instructors with a wide range of choices in order to meet differing interests and to accommodate students with varying backgrounds.

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Elevated temperatures and extreme temperature gradients arise in a large variety of engineering problems, and often produced thermal stresses and thermal deformations that crucially affect the life of the materials and the systems involved. Early examples arose with the advent of high-speed rocket-powered flight and the development of nuclear energy sources. More recent applications can be found in fields ranging from reentry heating and ablation in space flight to the localized heat generation in computer chips, produced by high temperature during fabrication and by high current density during service.This highly regarded text, aimed both at the researcher and the practicing engineer, as well as the student, presents a detailed discussion of fundamental aspects of the theory, accompanied by detailed solutions of typical and illustrative problems. The book is divided into four parts: Part I develops the fundamentals of thermoelasticity, starting with a presentation of the thermodynamic foundations of the subject and leading to various alternate formulations and methods of solutions of thermoelastic problems. Part II discusses the physical basis of heat transfer theory and methods of solution of heat conduction boundary-value problems. Part III covers more practical aspects of thermal stress analysis, mainly from the strength-of-materials viewpoint. Finally, Part IV presents the manner in which temperature effects can be included in inelasticity theory.The result is an extremely useful resource which presents the salient features of the subject in a single volume from a unified and basic theoretical point of view.

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This distinctly nonclassical treatment focuses on developing aspects that differ from the theory of ordinary metric spaces, working directly with probability distribution functions rather than random variables. The two-part treatment begins with an overview that discusses the theory's historical evolution, followed by a development of related mathematical machinery. The presentation defines all needed concepts, states all necessary results, and provides relevant proofs.The second part opens with definitions of probabilistic metric spaces and proceeds to examinations of special classes of probabilistic metric spaces, topologies, and several related structures, such as probabilistic normed and inner-product spaces. Throughout, the authors focus on developing aspects that differ from the theory of ordinary metric spaces, rather than simply transferring known metric space results to a more general setting.