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A great mathematician and teacher bridges the gap between science and the humanities in this exposition of the philosophy of science. Philipp Frank, a distinguished physicist and philosopher in his own right, traces the history of science from Aristotle to Einstein to illustrate philosophys ongoing role in the scientific process.Suitable for undergraduate students and other readers, this volume explains modern technologys role in the gradual erosion of the rapport between physical theories and philosophical systems, and offers suggestions for restoring the link between these related areas. Dr. Frank examines the ancient Greek concept of natural science to illustrate the development of modern science; then, using geometry as an example, he charts its progress from Euclidean principles through the interpretations of Descartes, Mill, Kant, and the rise of four-dimensional and non-Euclidean geometry. Additional topics include the laws of motion, before and after innovations of Galileo and Newton; perceptions of motion, light, and relativity through the ages; metaphysical interpretations of relativistic physics; the motion of atomic objects and the phenomena and formulations of atomic physics; and the principle of causality and the validation of theories.

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C. H. Townes, winner of the Nobel Prize, and the distinguished scientist A. L. Schawlow have written a fundamental text on microwave spectroscopy. Microwave spectroscopy is the term for spectroscopic techniques based upon the absorption of radiation in the 1 to 1,000mm range. In the decades following World War II these techniques developed into a powerful research tool for the investigation of molecules and atoms. Microwave spectroscopy is now used in such diverse fields as nuclear physics, molecular structure, chemical kinetics, quantum electrodynamics, and astronomy. This systematic and comprehensive account of theory, techniques, experimental data and their interpretation is an important reference of lasting value to students, teachers, scientists, and researchers in any of the above fields or those specifically interested in microwave spectroscopy.The material in this volume is discussed critically, systematically, and in the simplest way. The simplicity of wording and mathematics (no group theory, as such, is used) will allow most of the discussion to be profitably read by those with a very elementary knowledge of quantum mechanics and atomic physics. Although the treatment is a continuously developed one, the authors have made each chapter  18 in all  and each section as independent of the others as is practical so that the book can be used in as many fields as possible. The appendixes give most of the tables and information needed in doing research and in interpreting microwave spectra. They also contain extensive data on nuclear and molecular constants, including essentially all those determined by microwave techniques."With each of its eighteen chapters essentially self-contained, this book is equally suitable for use as fundamental reference or advanced textbook."  U.S. Quarterly Book Review.

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Old-Fashioned Ribbon Trimmings and Flowers

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The art of fashioning decorative accents with ribbons is enjoying a revival among today's crafters, who find it the perfect way to add lovely touches to clothing, personal items, household accessories, and more.Reproduced from a rare vintage edition, this profusely illustrated how-to book describes how to fold and sew lengths of ribbon to create dramatic ruffles, bows, and bands. You'll also learn how to use ribbon to fashion appealing florals; daisies, chrysanthemums, rosebuds, violets, petunias, dahlias, sunflowers, and even complete bouquets. Then use these charming ribbon creations to trim a hat, decorate baby clothes and lingerie, add a luxurious touch to lampshades and cushions, or embellish shoes, baby carriages, blankets, coat hangers, and much more.Step-by-step instructions show you exactly how to proceed. No special talent, other than minimal sewing skill, is required to learn ribbon art techniques and experience the satisfaction of creating an attractive item for yourself, your home, or a special someone.

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Applied Optics and Optical Design, Part Two

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"For the optical engineer it is an indispensable work."  Journal, Optical Society of America"As a practical guide this book has no rival."  Transactions, Optical Society"A noteworthy contribution,"  Nature (London)This two-volume paperback republication of A. E. Conrady's classic work presents his complete system of optical design. The only work of its kind in English, this set leads the reader step by step from the fundamental concepts of geometrical and physical optics up to the point where he can design the simpler optical systems without aid. It remains the only detailed work on the subject written with the needs of the practical designer and the self-taught constantly in mind. For most of the text, no mathematics above trigonometry is needed; occasional sections require some calculus and analytical geometry.Part I covers all ordinary ray-tracing methods, together with the complete theory of primary aberrations and as much of higher aberration as is needed for the design of telescopes, low-power microscopes and simple optical systems. Chapters: Fundamental Equations, Spherical Aberration, Physical Aspect of Optical Images, Chromatic Aberration, Design of Achromatic Object-Glasses, Extra-Axial Image Points, The Optical Sine Theorem, Trigonometric Tracing of Oblique Pencils, General Theory of Perfect Optical Systems, and Ordinary Eyepieces.Part II extends the coverage to the systematic study and design of practically all types of optical systems, with special attention to high-power microscope objectives and anastigmatic photographic objectives. Edited and completed from the author's manuscript by Rudolf Kingslake, Director of Optical Design, Eastman Kodak Company. Chapters: Additional Solutions by the Thin-Lens Method, Optical Path Differences, Optical Path Differences at an Axial Image Point, Optical Tolerances, Chromatic Aberration as an Optical Path Difference, The Matching Principle and the Design of Microscope Objectives, Primary Aberrations of Oblique Pencils, Analytical Solutions for Simple Systems with Remote Stop, Symmetrical Photographic Objectives, and Unsymmetrical Photographic Objectives.

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A History of Greek Mathematics, Volume II

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"As it is, the book is indispensable; it has, indeed, no serious English rival."  Times Literary Supplement"Sir Thomas Heath, foremost English historian of the ancient exact sciences in the twentieth century."  Prof. W. H. Stahl"Indeed, seeing that so much of Greek is mathematics, it is arguable that, if one would understand the Greek genius fully, it would be a good plan to begin with their geometry."The perspective that enabled Sir Thomas Heath to understand the Greek genius  deep intimacy with languages, literatures, philosophy, and all the sciences  brought him perhaps closer to his beloved subjects, and to their own ideal of educated men than is common or even possible today. Heath read the original texts with a critical, scrupulous eye and brought to this definitive two-volume history the insights of a mathematician communicated with the clarity of classically taught English."Of all the manifestations of the Greek genius none is more impressive and even awe-inspiring than that which is revealed by the history of Greek mathematics." Heath records that history with the scholarly comprehension and comprehensiveness that marks this work as obviously classic now as when it first appeared in 1921. The linkage and unity of mathematics and philosophy suggest the outline for the entire history. Heath covers in sequence Greek numerical notation, Pythagorean arithmetic, Thales and Pythagorean geometry, Zeno, Plato, Euclid, Aristarchus, Archimedes, Apollonius, Hipparchus and trigonometry, Ptolemy, Heron, Pappus, Diophantus of Alexandria and the algebra. Interspersed are sections devoted to the history and analysis of famous problems: squaring the circle, angle trisection, duplication of the cube, and an appendix on Archimedes's proof of the subtangent property of a spiral. The coverage is everywhere thorough and judicious; but Heath is not content with plain exposition: It is a defect in the existing histories that, while they state generally the contents of, and the main propositions proved in, the great treatises of Archimedes and Apollonius, they make little attempt to describe the procedure by which the results are obtained. I have therefore taken pains, in the most significant cases, to show the course of the argument in sufficient detail to enable a competent mathematician to grasp the method used and to apply it, if he will, to other similar investigations.Mathematicians, then, will rejoice to find Heath back in print and accessible after many years. Historians of Greek culture and science can renew acquaintance with a standard reference; readers in general will find, particularly in the energetic discourses on Euclid and Archimedes, exactly what Heath means by impressive and awe-inspiring.

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A History of Greek Mathematics, Volume I

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"As it is, the book is indispensable; it has, indeed, no serious English rival."  Times Literary Supplement. "Sir Thomas Heath, foremost English historian of the ancient exact sciences in the twentieth century."  Professor W. H. Stahl"Indeed, seeing that so much of Greek is mathematics, it is arguable that, if one would understand the Greek genius fully, it would be a good plan to begin with their geometry." The perspective that enabled Sir Thomas Heath to understand the Greek genius  deep intimacy with languages, literatures, philosophy, and all the sciences  brought him perhaps closer to his beloved subjects and to their own ideal of educated men, than is common or even possible today. Heath read the original texts with a critical, scrupulous eye, and brought to this definitive two-volume history the insights of a mathematician communicated with the clarity of classically taught English. "Of all the manifestations of the Greek genius none is more impressive and even awe-inspiring than that which is revealed by the history of Greek mathematics." Heath records that history with the scholarly comprehension and comprehensiveness that marks this work as obviously classic now as when it first appeared in 1921. The linkage and unity of mathematics and philosophy suggest the outline for the entire history. Heath covers in sequence Greek numerical notation, Pythagorean arithmetic, Thales and Pythagorean geometry, Zeno, Plato, Euclid, Aristarchus, Archimedes, Apollonius, Hipparchus and trigonometry, Ptolemy, Heron, Pappus, Diophantus of Alexandria and the algebra. Interspersed are sections devoted to the history and analysis of famous problems: squaring the circle, angle trisection, duplication of the cube, and an appendix on Archimedes' proof of the subtangent property of a spiral. The coverage is everywhere thorough and judicious; but Heath is not content with plain exposition: It is a defect in the existing histories that, while they state generally the contents of, and the main propositions proved in, the great treatises of Archimedes and Apollonius, they make little attempt to describe the procedure by which the results are obtained. I have therefore taken pains, in the most significant cases, to show the course of the argument in sufficient detail to enable a competent mathematician to grasp the method used and to apply it, if he will, to other similar investigations. Mathematicians, then, will rejoice to find Heath back in print and accessible after many years. Historians of Greek culture and science can renew acquaintance with a standard reference; readers in general will find, particularly in the energetic discourses on Euclid and Archimedes, exactly what Heath means by impressive and awe-inspiring.  

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For the enthusiastic crocheter who may not have the time to make tablecloths or bedspreads, crocheted edgings offer a popular and enduring alternative. With more than 130 patterns to choose from in this attractive collection, crocheters can personalize an item by simply adding a delicate, handmade finishing touch.Assembled by noted needlework authority Rita Weiss, the selections in this volume have been reprinted from rare thread-company leaflets published in the 1940s and 50s. (Many of these instruction books  originally created to sell thread  are collector's items today.) Needleworkers will be delighted with the wide range of heirloom-quality patterns that include traditional filet crochet and filigree designs, as well as floral motifs incorporating such familiar blooms as the pansy, rose, forget-me-not, buttercup, and aster. Clear, step-by-step instructions make these patterns easy to work anywhere  in the home, at meetings, or on public transportation.Crocheters will want to use these lovely edgings again and again on a variety of personal and household items such as handkerchiefs, napkins, placemats, collars, cuffs, lingerie, pillowcases, and much more.

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The enduring beauty and practicality of the traditional quilt make it one of the most treasured of household items. Yet in these fast-paced, million-things-to-do days, most needleworkers are short on time or patience or both. Quilting with Strips and Strings is the perfect solution for needlecraft enthusiasts who have little time and less patience, or who just want to add a new dimension to their quilting skills.In this clearly presented manual, noted quilt designer Helen Whitson Rose offers complete instructions for making 46 patchwork quilts with strips and strings. This is undoubtedly the quickest and easiest way of turning leftover fabric into a handsome quilt that you and your family will enjoy for years to come. Many photographs, dozens of line illustrations, a metric conversion chart, and 32 full-size templates that you can trace make this collection accessible to even the novice quilter.Special sections include information on equipment, assembling strings on a base, making string material, quick cuts from strips, selecting and preparing fabrics, quilt-as-you-go, and creating a quilt with strip and string designs.The author covers the major techniques with clear diagrams accompanying each method. All construction can be done on a sewing machine or can be hand sewn if you prefer. Many intricate-looking designs are simplified so that attractive results can be achieved with a minimum of time and effort.

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Add the perfect "Home, Sweet Home" touch to your dollhouse with these easy-to-make miniature quilts. This expert guide offers step-by-step instructions for foundation piecing, a machine-sewing technique widely used in the late nineteenth century and revived by today's busy quiltmakers. With foundation piecing, you don't need to handle tiny patches of fabric, so creating your 1"-scale masterpiece is remarkably easy.Ten gorgeous patterns appear here: Watercolor Weaves (a variation of the ever-popular Log Cabin pattern), Southwestern Skies, Midnight Stars, Springtime T's, and six others. Blocks range from 1" to 1 1/4" square. Helpful layouts will assist you in determining color values and placement.Even beginners can follow these simple instructions, and experienced quilters will savor the opportunity to try some lovely variations in a miniature format.

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With this easy-to-read book, children will discover the facts behind the seemingly magical conversions that transform a wooly caterpillar into a graceful butterfly and a swimming tadpole into a leaping frog. Far from being supernatural, these changes involve a fascinating natural process, and this book presents a well-illustrated look at how some baby animals develop from a larval stage into adults that bear little resemblance to their former selves.The authors, seasoned writers of popular science books for children, examine the metamorphoses of moths, honeybees, dragonflies, starfish, and eels. Their imaginative analogies, phrased in simple language, offer a memorable introduction to a fundamental natural process. Ideal for school use, this book offers fascinating facts that will capture young readers outside the classroom as well.

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Elements of Partial Differential Equations

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Geared toward students of applied rather than pure mathematics, this volume introduces elements of partial differential equations. Its focus is primarily upon finding solutions to particular equations rather than general theory.Topics include ordinary differential equations in more than two variables, partial differential equations of the first and second orders, Laplace's equation, the wave equation, and the diffusion equation. A helpful Appendix offers information on systems of surfaces, and solutions to the odd-numbered problems appear at the end of the book. Readers pursuing independent study will particularly appreciate the worked examples that appear throughout the text.

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To anyone concerned with the design of fabrics, the structure of the cloth is, of course, of prime importance for achieving best results and most satisfying ultimate appearance. Oelsner's A Handbook of Weaves, long the most reliable and comprehensive source of information on the subject, will save you hours of research work and offer information necessary for new cloth effects. It covers the field thoroughly from the simple draft and plain weave to the more complicated fancy weaves, with a clear, lucid text and with 1,875 working diagrams.Just a few of the many weaves fully explained, differentiated, and illustrated in this volume are irregular, double-stitched, and filling satins; basket and rib weaves; steep, undulating, broken, offset, corkscrew, interlocking, herringbone, and fancy twills; honeycomb and lace weaves; tricot and metalasse weaves; corded, pique, and kersey weaves; and literally hundreds more.The outstanding section on crepe weaves (over 45 pages, 342 weaves) explains 10 different methods, including arranging other weaves, rearranging warp threads, interlocking a weave over another, drafting a weave in four squares, and transporting weaves in checkerboard order.One of the work's most valuable features, particularly to the manufacturer, is in the section which shows with text and picture how from a simple swatch of material one may obtain the full details of construction and layout of any fabric made: weave and color patterns, number of threads per square inch, weight of cloth, sizes of warp yarn and filling yarn, etc.A full chapter is given showing how interesting effects may be obtained by arrangement of yarns in contrasting colors in either warp or filling or both, and how effects can be produced by combining weave and color patterns in the same cloth. A large number of examples, with 207 diagrams, show color effects in twills, basket weaves, crepes, etc.Other topics covered here that are rarely found in textile design books are breaks or recesses in the cloth, weaves that deflect certain threads, broche fabrics, double transposed textures, reform weaves, the determination of the best weaves, the determination of the best types of weave for specific textures and many similar topics.These and many other special features add to this unsurpassed collection's immense value for the textile manufacturer, the designer, the stylist, the hand-loom weaver, the power-loom weaver, and the teacher and student of textiles. It is at once a fully indexed reference, a lucid "how-to-do-it" book, and a storehouse of unusual information and practical suggestions.Includes a supplement on the analysis of weaves and fabrics.

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In recent years Irish crochet lace has enjoyed a tremendous revival among needleworkers. Nearly lost in the early twentieth century when machines took over the manufacture of most lace, the craft is now being rediscovered by enthusiasts who recognize it not only as one of the most durable, serviceable, and beautiful forms of lace but also as a type that provides a unique opportunity to be creative.This inexpensive volume presents authentic motifs and grounds used by the most skilled Irish needleworkers of the late nineteenth century. Collected and edited by one of the best-known experts of the time, Therese de Dillmont, it offers patterns, complete instructions, and/or detailed photographs for 30 motifs, 12 intricate grounds, and various traditional footings and borders.Crocheters can use these versatile motifs of delicate raised flowers, leaves, sprays, and more to transform ordinary bedspreads, doilies, tablecloths, and clothing into works of art to be treasured for years. Make your own unique designs for new curtains, fancy collars, delicate cuffs, and so much more. Each of these motifs can be altered in shape, enlarged, diminished, or combined in new patterns  there's virtually no limit to the results you can produce.Beginners should practice making individual motifs before attempting an entire piece of lace, and experienced crocheters may want to follow the directions exactly before experimenting to form new motifs. With practice, you can invent your own patterns just by employing these authentic, elemental motifs and their complementary grounds. A new introduction relates the history and technique involved in Irish crochet lace, and a conversion chart translates outdated terms.

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His name is synonymous with "genius," but these essays by the renowned physicist and scholar are accessible to any reader. In addition to outlining the core of relativity theory in everyday language, Albert Einstein presents fascinating discussions of other scientific fields to which he made significant contributions. The Nobel Laureate also profiles some of history's most influential physicists, upon whose studies his own work was based.Assembled during Einstein's lifetime from his speeches and essays, this book marks the first presentation to the wider world of the scientist's accomplishments in the field of abstract physics. Along with relativity theory, these articles examine the methods of theoretical physics, principles of research, and the concept of scientific truth. Einstein's speeches to audiences at Columbia University and the Prussian Academy of Science appear here, along with his insightful observations on such giants of science as Johannes Kepler, Sir Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, Niels Bohr, Max Planck, and others.

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The king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, Frederick the Great ranks among eighteenth-century Europe's most enlightened rulers. In addition to abolishing serfdom in his domains and promoting religious tolerance, he was an ardent patron of the arts and an accomplished musician. "Diplomacy without arms," he observed, "is like music without instruments." Frederick's expertise at military matters is reflected in his successful defense of his territory during the Seven Years' War, in which he fought all the great powers of Europe. His brilliant theories on strategy, tactics, and discipline are all explained in this vital text."War is not an affair of chance," Frederick asserted, adding that "a great deal of knowledge, study, and meditation is necessary to conduct it well." In this book, he presents the fundamentals of warfare, discussing such timeless considerations as leadership qualities, the value of surprise, and ways to conquer an enemy who possesses superior forces. The soundness of his advice was endorsed by Napoleon himself, who once advised, "Read and re-read the campaigns of Alexander, Hannibal, Caesar . . . and Frederick. This is the only way to become a great captain and to master the secrets of the art of war."

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Here are two excellent books for the beginner interested in learning to perform magic and card tricks. Bound together in one convenient volume, both approach the art of conjuring in a business-like manner, grounding the novice in fundamentals and leading him gradually to a surprising mastery of some 80 different tricks involving cards, coins, matches, tumblers, handkerchiefs, rings, and various other articles associated with legerdemain. The art of presenting magic for the spectators entertainment is given special emphasis.Magic Tricks explains impromptu deceptions like Coin Through the Hand, Flying Dime, Down Your Sleeve, and studied mysteries like Counting Chalk, Bill in the Egg, Kling Klang, and Afghan Bands  35 in all. Card Tricks teaches you to perform Card in the Pocket, Turn Over, Hypnotism, The 13 Principle, Eight Kings, and some 40 others, along with easy methods for false shuffling, palming, the glide, prepared cards, and many similar techniques.If you follow the authors instructions, you will learn how to do tricks entertainingly.  Linking Ring.Mr. Jonsons books are extremely well done and serve admirably as first books for amateurs.  Hugards Magic Monthly.

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Beardsley's illustrations for the Dent edition of the great Thomas Malory classic made him famous virtually overnight. This volume contains a rich selection of those splendid drawings, including floral and foliated openings, fauns and satyrs, initials, ornaments, and much more. Characters from Arthurian legend are portrayed in 62 splendid full-page black-and-white illustrations.

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The stylized geometric forms of Art Deco continue to be extremely popular with today's artists, designers, and craftspeople. In this highly useful archive, William Rowe interprets this streamlined decorative style in his own unique way. The artist's wit and inventiveness pervade a wealth of artfully arranged circles, squares, triangles, and other geometric shapes.This book is really two books in one: a striking collection of royalty-free ready-to-use graphics, as well as a helpful guide, offering visual suggestions on how to adapt, develop, and vary designs. Mr. Rowe first presents a full-page design, then, on the opposite page, displays variants of the design. You'll find a total of 59 fascinating patterns in all  ideal for use in textile, wallpaper, stationery, packaging, and a host of other graphic design projects.

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Firearms played an important role on the American frontier. Used to hunt animals for food and clothing, they also safeguarded ones home against outlaws and other hostile elements. This definitive, scrupulously researched work describes and illustrates the many different weapons that opened up and secured the American West. Enhanced with colorful anecdotes, the vividly detailed narrative tells the dramatic story of shoulder arms, hand guns, percussion and cartridge weapons, and describes the hunters, settlers, peace officers, stagecoach drivers, soldiers, range detectives, rustlers, outlaws, Indian chiefs, and other picturesque characters who used them.Here are detailed descriptions and illustrations of the Kentucky rifle that saw battle in the American Revolution and in the War of 1812; the repeating rifle used in the Civil War; the Sharps rifle that wreaked havoc during the great buffalo hunts; the Colt revolver, used by cowboys and outlaws alike; the fast and reliable Winchester rifle, the most widely used shoulder arm of the post-Civil War era; as well as flintlock pistols, derringers, muskets, buffalo guns, carbines, signal pistols, Confederate revolvers, and many other celebrated firearms.Illustrated with nearly 500 photographs and line illustrations, this classic reference will not only be invaluable to dealers and collectors but will also appeal to Americana devotees, weaponry enthusiasts, and students of the American West.

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The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics

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In this concise classic, Paul Ehrenfest  one of the twentieth century's greatest physicists  reformulated the foundations of the statistical approach in mechanics. Originally published in 1912, this classic has lost little of its scientific and didactic value, and is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of physics and historians of science.Part One describes the older formulation of statistico-mechanical investigations (kineto-statistics of the molecule). Part Two takes up the modern formulation of kineto-statistics of the gas model, and Part Three explores W. B. Gibbs's major work, Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics and its coverage of such topics as the problem of axiomatization in kineto-statistics, the introduction of canonical and microcanonical distributions, and the analogy to the observable behavior of thermodynamic systems. The book concludes with the authors' original notes, a series of useful appendixes, and a helpful bibliography.