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An understanding of fluctuations and their role is both useful and fundamental to the study of physics. This concise study of random processes offers graduate students and research physicists a survey that encompasses both the relationship of Brownian Movement with statistical mechanics and the problem of irreversible processes. It outlines the basics of the physics involved, without the strictures of mathematical rigor.The three-part treatment starts with a general survey of Brownian Movement, including electrical Brownian Movement and "shot-noise," Part two explores correlation, frequency spectrum, and distribution function, with particular focus on application to Brownian Movement. The final section examines noise in electric currents, including noise in vacuum tubes and a random rectangular current. Frequent footnotes amplify the text, along with an extensive selection of Appendixes.

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An Elementary Survey of Celestial Mechanics

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An accessible exposition of gravitation theory and celestial mechanics, this classic, oft-cited work was written by a distinguished Soviet astronomer. It explains with exceptional clarity the methods used by physicists in studying celestial phenomena.A historical introduction explains the Ptolemaic view of planetary motion and its displacement by the studies of Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton. Succeeding chapters examine the making of celestial observations and measurements and explain such central concepts as the ecliptic, the orbital plane, the two- and three-body problems, and perturbed motion. Ryabov also describes how perturbations in the path of Uranus led to the discovery of Neptune, and he devotes considerable attention to satellites, including a detailed treatment of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I. Additional topics include planetary rotation, the calculation of units of time, and the motions of the stars, with illustrations of how the law of gravity determines the shapes of galaxies. The book concludes with a deeper consideration of gravity, pointing out basic distinctions between classical and Einsteinian theories.

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This brief introductory text presents the basic principles of calculus from the engineering viewpoint. Excellent either as a refresher or as an introductory course, it focuses on developing familiarity with the basic principles rather than presenting detailed proofs.Topics include differential calculus, in terms of differentiation and elementary differential equations; integral calculus, in simple and multiple integration forms; time calculus; equations of motion and their solution; complex variables; complex algebra; complex functions; complex and operational calculus; and simple and inverse transformations. Advanced subjects comprise integrations and differentiation techniques, in addition to a more sophisticated variety of differential equations than those previously discussed.It is assumed that the reader possesses an acquaintance with algebra and trigonometry as well as some familiarity with graphs. Additional background material is presented as needed.

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Best known today as the author of Faust, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) first exploded into the public consciousness with The Sorrows of Young Werther when he was twenty-four. He was already a respected poet by then; and in addition to these forms, he wrote travelogues, autobiographical sketches, essays, letters, and proverbs in rhyme and prose. This collection offers outstanding examples of each genre from the great German writer's prolific career.The poems range in theme from youthful romantic obsessions to mature reflections on life. "The Erl-King" and "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" appear among the ballads, and his fiction in this collection includes the entire text of Werther and passages from Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and other works. Other writings feature observations on travel in Italy, criticism of the works of Shakespeare and Byron, and letters to friends and family. These sensitive translations by Sir Walter Scott, Stephen Spender, Thomas Carlyle, and others were specially selected by the Nobel laureate and giant of modern German literature, Thomas Mann, who provides an informative introduction.

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"Still unequaled as an introduction to the classic myths."Publishers WeeklyGeared toward young readers, the classic retellings of stories from ancient myth presented in this volume center on the Argonauts' quest for the golden fleece. Generations have thrilled to compelling renditions of the adventures of heroic Jason and the sorceress Medea, mighty Heracles, the minstrel Orpheus, and other legendary figures.Author Padraic Colum, who was active in the Irish literary renaissance and a founder of Dublin's Abbey Theatre, was also a popular children's writer. Skilled at recounting tales in a manner that attracts and holds children's attention, Colum possessed a poetic style that continues to enchant audiences of all ages. His stories of Atalanta the huntress, Perseus and his bride from the sea, Theseus and the Minotaur, and other fantastic characters are complemented by 40 evocative illustrations.

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Lives of Julius Caesar, Nero, Marcus Aurelius and Others

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This captivating book offers young readers a memorable and meaningful introduction to the famous leaders and great men of ancient Rome. Its biographical sketches are chronologically arranged, from 753 B.C., the estimated founding of Rome, to A. D. 476, the fall of the Western Empire. Readers can compare and contrast the characters of these great men and see how their actions and ideas influenced Rome and the world.The 30 chapters start with the legend of the orphans Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a wolf, and grew up to found the Eternal City. Children also meet a fascinating variety of actual historical figures, including Cincinnatus, who chose to be a farmer instead of a dictator, Nero, the mad emperor, and the warlike Julius Caesar. They'll encounter Marcus Aurelius, the emperor who used his own money to help the poor, and who walked the streets, greeting people and listening to their troubles so that he could be a better leader. Geared toward third- to seventh-graders, Famous Men of Ancient Rome is excellent both for reading aloud and for independent reading and study by students.

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Concise and practical, this text by a renowned teacher sketches the mathematical background essential to understanding the fundamentals of relativity theory. Subjects include the velocity of light, measurement of time and distance, and properties of mass and momentum, with numerous diagrams, formulas, and examples, plus exercises and solutions. 1960 edition.

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Albert Einstein characterized the work of James Clerk Maxwell as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton." Max Planck went even further, declaring that "he achieved greatness unequalled," and Richard Feynman asserted that "From a long view of the history of mankind  seen from, say, ten thousand years from now  there can be little doubt that the most significant event of the nineteenth century will be judged as Maxwell's discovery of the laws of electrodynamics." Maxwell made numerous other contributions to the advancement of science, but the greatest work of his life was devoted to electricity. An Elementary Treatise on Electricity appeared at a time when very few books on electrical measurements were available to students, and its compact treatment not only elucidates the theory of electricity but also serves to develop electrical ideas in readers' minds. The author describes experiments that demonstrate the principal facts relating an electric charge as a quantity capable of being measured, deductions from these facts, and the exhibition of electrical phenomena.This volume, published posthumously from Maxwell's lecture notes at the Cavendish Laboratory  which he founded at the University of Cambridge  is supplemented by a selection of articles from his landmark book, Electricity and Magnetism. A classic of science, this volume is an eminently suitable text for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students.

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And Other Papers on the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire," along with other papers in this volume, laid the foundation of modern thermodynamics. Highly readable, "Reflections" contains no arguments that depend on calculus, consisting mostly of statements couched in exact language. It represents a tribute to Carnot's capacity to generalize, and to see fundamental processes at work in complex mechanisms."Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire" examines the relation between heat and the work done by heat in high- and low-pressure steam engines, air-engines, and an internal combustion machine. Carnot established conditions for the economical working of these engines and invented the closed cycle of operations. He realized that in any engine, the amount of work done by heat is determined solely by the range of temperature through which it fell in the operation. He extended the ideas of his father, Lazare Carnot, on mechanics to thermal processes, deriving statements on the impossibility of perpetual motion and the need to avoid irreversible changes.Little notice was paid to this book upon its 1824 publication; ten years later, Emile Clapeyron's more analytical paper on the same subject received wider attention. This English translation includes selections from Carnot's posthumous manuscripts and a paper by Rudolf Clausius that rewrote Carnot's results in a terminology that distinguished between change of entropy and quantity of heat.

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The Pythagorean Theorem is one of the fundamental theorems of elementary geometry, and Pythagorean triangles  right triangles whose sides are natural numbers  have been studied by mathematicians since antiquity. In this classic text, a brilliant Polish mathematician explores the intriguing mathematical relationships in such triangles.Starting with "primitive" Pythagorean triangles, the text examines triangles with sides less than 100, triangles with two sides that are successive numbers, divisibility of one of the sides by 3 or by 5, the values of the sides of triangles, triangles with the same arm or the same hypotenuse, triangles with the same perimeter, and triangles with the same area. Additional topics include the radii of circles inscribed in Pythagorean triangles, triangles in which one or more sides are squares, triangles with natural sides and natural areas, triangles in which the hypotenuse and the sum of the arms are squares, representation of triangles with the help of the points of a plane, right triangles whose sides are reciprocals of natural numbers, and cuboids with edges and diagonals expressed by natural numbers.

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Students of arms and armour will welcome this detailed, scholarly survey of defensive armour used in the Middle East and Asia, from the scale armour of ancient Egypt to Japanese "modern" armour of the nineteenth century. Emphasizing the origins and evolution of armour in each country, and its influence on the armour of other cultures, this book  by a specialist in the field  gathers together much data that previously had been inaccessible or available only in widely scattered sources.More than 300 line illustrations, largely the authors own work, along with 108 photos depict Persian helmets, shields, and boots of mail and plate; Turkish turban helmets; a studded coat of Indian armour; Chinese, Korean, and Tibetan armour of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; Japanese embossed, folding, and laminated armour; and a wealth of other protective equipment.Detailed and well documented, this informative study will not only provide scholars and students with a splendid overview of the decorative qualities and crucial defensive features of Oriental armour, it will also serve as an excellent reference for collectors and hobbyists.

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The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development

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This book, for the first time, provides laymen and mathematicians alike with a detailed picture of the historical development of one of the most momentous achievements of the human intellect  the calculus. It describes with accuracy and perspective the long development of both the integral and the differential calculus from their early beginnings in antiquity to their final emancipation in the 19th century from both physical and metaphysical ideas alike and their final elaboration as mathematical abstractions, as we know them today, defined in terms of formal logic by means of the idea of a limit of an infinite sequence.But while the importance of the calculus and mathematical analysis  the core of modern mathematics  cannot be overemphasized, the value of this first comprehensive critical history of the calculus goes far beyond the subject matter. This book will fully counteract the impression of laymen, and of many mathematicians, that the great achievements of mathematics were formulated from the beginning in final form. It will give readers a sense of mathematics not as a technique, but as a habit of mind, and serve to bridge the gap between the sciences and the humanities. It will also make abundantly clear the modern understanding of mathematics by showing in detail how the concepts of the calculus gradually changed from the Greek view of the reality and immanence of mathematics to the revised concept of mathematical rigor developed by the great 19th century mathematicians, which held that any premises were valid so long as they were consistent with one another. It will make clear the ideas contributed by Zeno, Plato, Pythagoras, Eudoxus, the Arabic and Scholastic mathematicians, Newton, Leibnitz, Taylor, Descartes, Euler, Lagrange, Cantor, Weierstrass, and many others in the long passage from the Greek "method of exhaustion" and Zeno's paradoxes to the modern concept of the limit independent of sense experience; and illuminate not only the methods of mathematical discovery, but the foundations of mathematical thought as well.

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The Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science

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An exposition of an alternative rendering of the theory of relativity, this volume is the work of the distinguished English mathematician and philosopher, Alfred North Whitehead. Suitable for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, its three-part treatment begins with an overview of general principles that may be described as mainly philosophical in character. Part II is devoted to physical applications and chiefly concerns the particular results deducible from the formulas assumed for the gravitation and electromagnetic fields. The final part consists of an exposition of the elementary theory of tensors.The author notes that the text's order proceeds naturally from general principles to particular applications, concluding with a general exposition of the mathematical theory, special examples of which have occurred in the discussion of the applications. Physicists,Whitehead suggests, may prefer to start with Part II, referring back to a few formulas mentioned at the end of Part I, and mathematicians may start with Part III. The whole evidence, he adds, requires a consideration of all three parts.

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Mathematical Theory of Compressible Fluid Flow

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A pioneer in the fields of statistics and probability theory, Richard von Mises (18831953) made notable advances in boundary-layer-flow theory and airfoil design. This text on compressible flow, unfinished upon his sudden death, was subsequently completed in accordance with his plans, and von Mises' first three chapters were augmented with a survey of the theory of steady plane flow. Suitable as a text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students  as well as a reference for professionals  Mathematical Theory of Compressible Fluid Flow examines the fundamentals of high-speed flows, with detailed considerations of general theorems, conservation equations, waves, shocks, and nonisentropic flows.In this, the final work of his distinguished career, von Mises summarizes his extensive knowledge of a central branch of fluid mechanics. Characteristically, he pays particular attention to the basics, both conceptual and mathematical. The novel concept of a specifying equation clarifies the role of thermodynamics in the mechanics of compressible fluids. The general theory of characteristics receives a remarkably complete and simple treatment, with detailed applications, and the theory of shocks as asymptotic phenomena appears within the context of rational mechanics.

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The story of Siegfried, the brave young man who rode through fire to awaken the lovely Brunhild from a long sleep, has been told many times and in many variations. James Baldwin's account, written well over 100 years ago, has taken bits and pieces from many different versions. The result is an adventure-packed retelling of tales describing "The Curse of Gold," "Nibelungen Land," "The Journey to Burgundy-Land," "How Spring-Time Came," "The War with the North-Kings," and fifteen other stories taken from ancient Icelandic texts known as the Eddas.This captivating collection transports young readers across a supernatural bridge to a world of dragons, giants, and gods, delighting adventure lovers with its rich selection of timeless tales.

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Everything in the universe rotates: the meteors, the asteroids, the planets and their satellites, the sun, the stars, the clusters and nebulae, even the galaxies themselves. The problem of the shape of a rotating body is therefore universal in astronomy. Its treatment in this book, which deals with the figures of equilibrium and distortions of rotating bodies, is full and rigorous.Suitable for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, this text was written by a renowned researcher and educator who taught at Columbia University and served for many years as a research associate at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. The first six chapters encompass the most exact methods used in the theory of figures of equilibrium and their most important results. Discussions cover the methods of Poincare, Liapounov, Lichtenstein, and Wavre. The second part examines other problems concerning the figures of celestial bodies: invariable or varying figures, zonal rotation, systems composed of fluid and rigid parts, fluid mass and centers of attraction, and figures of compressible masses.

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Blackwork embroidery was very popular in Tudor times, and it is now enjoying a tremendous revival. A form of counted-thread work, blackwork emphasizes shading contrasts that are possible working with a single color of thread. This book is one of the best modern works on blackwork. After covering the intriguing history of blackwork in a lively text and beautiful selection of illustrations, the authors present every aspect of the modern techniques and uses of the craft.There is a discussion of contemporary techniques of transferring a design, stitches, needles, and more; information on how to make a design, including numerous illustrations of examples such as birds, animals, fruit, architectural forms, an angel, a crusader, and more; over 200 illustrations of embroidery patterns, including simple, filling, and border patterns; and coverage of materials and threads with full charts. A new Publisher's Note gives a listing of current American suppliers.Done in black silk on white linen, blackwork was originally used to decorate clothes and household articles. Today, you can still produce effective decorations in black-and-white, but many projects will look even better done in color. You can use blackwork on towels, tablecloths, sheets, and clothes, and you can make very attractive blackwork designs for wall hangings and pillows.

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Easy-to-Make Arts and Crafts Lamps and Shades

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Fashionable in the early twentieth century, Arts and Crafts-style lamps are popular again in the twenty-first century. The elegant simplicity of these useful furnishings will inspire craftworkers to try their hand at the handsome projects described in this instructive manual.First published nearly a century ago, this step-by-step guide--with measurements for sixteen projects--shows how to turn simple, inexpensive materials into a wide range of beautiful and functional Arts and Crafts projects, among them portable table lamps, reading and piano lamps, a dining room dome, a lantern, a shade for a droplight, and wall-hanging lamps, as well as a newel post lamp, and an electric candle sconce.Antique collectors, historians of American style, and lovers of vintage furnishings will also find invaluable information in this collection of now-rare lighting fixtures.

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No branch of classical physics is older in its origins yet more modern in its applications than acoustics. Courses on acoustics very naturally begin with a study of vibrations, as a preliminary to the introduction of the wave equations. Both vibrations and waves, of course, are vastly important to all branches of physics and engineering. But it is very helpful to students to gain an understanding of mechanical waves before trying to comprehend the more subtle and abstract electromagnetic ones.This undergraduate-level text opens with an overview of fundamental particle vibration theory, and it proceeds to examinations of waves in air and in three dimensions, interference patterns and diffraction, and acoustic impedance, as illustrated in the behavior of horns. Subsequent topics include longitudinal waves in different gases and waves in liquids and solids; stationary waves and vibrating sources, as demonstrated by musical instruments; reflection and absorption of sound waves; speech and hearing; sound measurements and experimental acoustics; reproduction of sound; and miscellaneous applied acoustics. Supplementary sections include four appendixes and answers to problems. Introduction. Appendixes. List of Symbols. References. Index. Answers to Problems.

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How do we know that molecules really exist? An important clue came from Brownian movement, a concept developed in 1827 by botanist Robert Brown, who noticed that tiny objects like pollen grains shook and moved erratically when viewed under a microscope. Nearly 80 years later, in 1905, Albert Einstein explained this "Brownian motion" as the result of bombardment by molecules. Einstein offered a quantitative explanation by mathematically estimating the average distance covered by the particles over time as a result of molecular bombardment. Four years later, Jean Baptiste Perrin wrote Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality, a work that explains his painstaking measurements of the displacements of particles of a resin suspended in water  experiments that yielded average displacements in excellent accord with Einstein's theoretical prediction.The studies of Einstein and Perrin provided some of the first concrete evidence for the existence of molecules. Perrin, whose name is familiar to all who employ his methods for calculations in molecular dynamics, received the 1926 Nobel Prize in physics. In this classic paper, he introduced the concept of Avogadro's number, along with other groundbreaking work. Originally published in the French journal Annates de chimie et de physique, it was translated into English by Frederick Soddy to enduring influence and acclaim.