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A twentieth-century innovation, foreign aid has become a familiar and even expected element in international relations. But scholars and government officials continue to debate why countries provide it: some claim that it is primarily a tool of diplomacy, some argue that it is largely intended to support development in poor countries, and still others point out its myriad newer uses. Carol Lancaster effectively puts this dispute to rest here by providing the most comprehensive answer yet to the question of why governments give foreign aid. She argues that because of domestic politics in aid-giving countries, it has always beenand will continue to beused to achieve a mixture of different goals.   Drawing on her expertise in both comparative politics and international relations and on her experience as a former public official, Lancaster provides five in-depth case studiesthe United States, Japan, France, Germany, and Denmarkthat demonstrate how domestic politics and international pressures combine to shape how and why donor governments give aid. In doing so, she explores the impact on foreign aid of political institutions, interest groups, and the ways governments organize their giving. Her findings provide essential insight for scholars of international relations and comparative politics, as well as anyone involved with foreign aid or foreign policy.

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Brassiere Hills, Alaska. Mollys Nipple, Utah. Outhouse Draw, Nevada. In the early twentieth century, it was common for towns and geographical features to have salacious, bawdy, and even derogatory names. In the age before political correctness, mapmakers readily accepted any local preference for place names, prizing accurate representation over standards of decorum. Thus, summits such as Squaw Titwhich towered above valleys in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Californiafound their way into the cartographic annals. Later, when sanctions prohibited local use of racially, ethnically, and scatalogically offensive toponyms, town names like Jap Valley, California, were erased from the national and cultural map forever.   From Squaw Tit to Whorehouse Meadow probes this little-known chapter in American cartographic history by considering the intersecting efforts to computerize mapmaking, standardize geographic names, and respond to public concern over ethnically offensive appellations. Interweaving cartographic history with tales of politics and power, celebrated geographer Mark Monmonier locates his story within the past and present struggles of mapmakers to create an orderly process for naming that avoids confusion, preserves history, and serves different political aims. Anchored by a diverse selection of naming controversiesin the United States, Canada, Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, and Antarctica; on the ocean floor and the surface of the moon; and in other parts of our solar systemFrom Squaw Tit to Whorehouse Meadow richly reveals the maps role as a mediated portrait of the cultural landscape. And unlike other books that consider place names, this is the first to reflect on both the real cartographic and political imbroglios they engender.   From Squaw Tit to Whorehouse Meadow is Mark Monmonier at his finest: a learned analysis of a timely and controversial subject rendered accessibleand even entertainingto the general reader.

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The recent reopening of Iraqs National Museum attracted worldwide attention, underscoring the countrys dual image as both the cradle of civilization and a contemporary geopolitical battleground. A sweeping account of the rich history that has played out between these chronological poles, From Mesopotamia to Iraq looks back through 10,000 years of the regions deeply significant yet increasingly overshadowed past. Hans J. Nissen and Peter Heine begin by explaining how ancient Mesopotamian inventionsincluding urban society, a system of writing, and mathematical texts that anticipated Pythagorasprofoundly influenced the course of human history. These towering innovations, they go on to reveal, have sometimes obscured the major role Mesopotamia continued to play on the world stage. Alexander the Great, for example, was fascinated by Babylon and eventually died there. Seventh-century Muslim armies made the region one of their first conquests outside the Arabian peninsula. And the Arab caliphs who ruled for centuries after the invasion built the magnificent city of Baghdad, attracting legions of artists and scientists. Tracing the evolution of this vibrant country into a contested part of the Ottoman Empire, a twentieth-century British colony, a republic ruled by Saddam Hussein, and the democracy it has become, Nissen and Heine repair the fragmented image of Iraq that has come to dominate our collective imagination. In hardly any other continuously inhabited part of the globe can we chart such developments in politics, economy, and culture across so extended a period of time. By doing just that, the authors illuminate nothing less than the forces that have made the world what it is today.

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Hans J. Nissen, Peter Heine, Hans J. Nissen

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Exemplary Tales of Love and Tales of Disillusion

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At the height of Maria de Zayass popularity in the mid-eighteenth century, the number of editions in print of her work was exceeded only by the novels of Cervantes.  But by the end of the nineteenth century, Zayas had been excluded from the Spanish literary canon because of her gender and the sociopolitical changes that swept Spain and Europe. Exemplary Tales of Love and Tales of Disillusion gathers a representative sample of seven stories, which features Zayass signature topicsgender equality and domestic violencewritten in an impassioned tone overlaid with conservative Counter-Reformation ideology. This edition updates the scholarship since the most recent English translations, with a new introduction to Zayass entire body of stories, and restores Zayass authors note and prologue, omitted from previous English-language editions. Tracing her slow but steady progress from notions of ideal love to loves treachery, Exemplary Tales of Love and Tales of Disillusion will restore Zayas to her rightful place in modern letters.    

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María de Zayas y Sotomayor, Margaret R. Greer, Elizabeth Rhodes

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In the hands of Bruce Smith, devotions are momentary stops to listen to the motor of history. They are meditations and provocations. They are messages received from the chatter of the street and from transmissions as distant as Memphis and al-Mansur. Bulletins and interruptions come from brutal elsewheres and from the interior where music puts electrodes on the body to take an EKG. These poems visit high schools, laundromats, motels, films, and dreams in order to measure the American hunger and thirst. They are interested in the things we profess to hold most dear as well as whats unspoken and unbidden. While were driving, while riding a bus, while receiving a call, while passing through an X-ray machine, the personal is intersectedsometimes violently, sometimes tenderlywith the hum and buzz of the culture. The culture, whether New York or Tuscaloosa, Seattle or Philadelphia, past or present, carries the burden of race and someones idea of beauty. The poems fluctuate between the two poles of lullaby and homicide before taking a vow to remain on earth, to look right and left, to wait and to witness.

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At the heart of evolution lies a bewildering paradox. Natural selection favors above all the individual that leaves the most offspringa superorganism of sorts that Jonathan Silvertown here calls the "Darwinian demon." But if such a demon existed, this highly successful organism would populate the entire world with its own kind, beating out other species and eventually extinguishing biodiversity as we know it. Why then, if evolution favors this demon, is the world filled with so many different life forms? What keeps this Darwinian demon in check? If humankind is now the greatest threat to biodiversity on the planet, have we become the Darwinian demon?  Demons in Eden considers these questions using the latest scientific discoveries from the plant world. Readers join Silvertown as he explores the astonishing diversity of plant life in regions as spectacular as the verdant climes of Japan, the lush grounds of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, the shallow wetlands and teeming freshwaters of Florida, the tropical rainforests of southeast Mexico, and the Canary Islands archipelago, whose evolutionary noveltiesand exotic plant lifehave earned it the sobriquet "the Galapagos of botany." Along the way, Silvertown looks closely at the evolution of plant diversity in these locales and explains why such variety persists in light of ecological patterns and evolutionary processes. In novel and useful ways, he also investigates the current state of plant diversity on the planet to show the ever-challenging threats posed by invasive species and humans.  Bringing the secret life of plants into more colorful and vivid focus than ever before, Demons in Eden is an empathic and impassioned exploration of modern plant ecology that unlocks evolutionary mysteries of the natural world.

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Critical Terms for Literary Study, Second Edition

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An essential primer and guide to literary studies for students and scholars  Critical Terms for Literary Study is an essential handbook and introduction to the work of literary theory. Covering a broad range of key terms that include popular culture, diversity, imperialism, ethics, desire, class, gender, race, canon, representation, and much more through essays by leading scholars, it provides a concise history of each term alongside a critical exploration of the issues and questions for the field that it raises, followed by demonstrations of reading strategies driven by the term.  Exploring the concepts that shape the way we read, the essays combine to provide an extraordinary introduction to the work of literature and literary study, as the nation's most distinguished scholars put the tools of critical practice vividly to use.

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The Democratic Imagination in American Life

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When we think about what constitutes being a good citizen, routine activities like voting, letter writing, and paying attention to the news spring to mind. But in Citizen Speak, Andrew J. Perrin argues that these activities are only a small part of democratic citizenshipa standard of citizenship that requires creative thinking, talking, and acting. For Citizen Speak, Perrin met with labor, church, business, and sports organizations and proposed to them four fictive scenarios: what if your senator is involved in a scandal, or your police department is engaged in racial profiling, or a local factory violates pollution laws, or your nearby airport is slated for expansion? The conversations these challenges inspire, Perrin shows, require imagination. And what people can imagine doing in response to those scenarios depends on whats possible, whats important, whats right, and whats feasible. By talking with one another, an engaged citizenry draws from a repertoire of personal and institutional resources to understand and reimagine responses to situations as they arise. Building on such political discussions, Citizen Speak shows how a rich culture of association and democratic discourse provides the infrastructure for a healthy democracy.

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The Tendency for Diversity and Complexity to Increase in Evolutionary Systems

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Life on earth is characterized by three striking phenomena that demand explanation: adaptationthe marvelous fit between organism and environment; diversitythe great variety of organisms; and complexitythe enormous intricacy of their internal structure. Natural selection explains adaptation. But what explains diversity and complexity? Daniel W. McShea and Robert N. Brandon argue that there exists in evolution a spontaneous tendency toward increased diversity and complexity, one that acts whether natural selection is present or not. They call this tendency a biological lawthe Zero-Force Evolutionary Law, or ZFEL. This law unifies the principles and data of biology under a single framework and invites a reconceptualization of the field of the same sort that Newtons First Law brought to physics.   Biologys First Law shows how the ZFEL can be applied to the study of diversity and complexity and examines its wider implications for biology. Intended for evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, and other scientists studying complex systems, and written in a concise and engaging format that speaks to students and interdisciplinary practitioners alike, this book will also find an appreciative audience in the philosophy of science.

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A Memorandum for the President of the Royal Audiencia and Chancery Court of the City and Kingdom of Granada

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Conquered in 1492 and colonized by invading Castilians, the city and kingdom of Granada faced radical changes imposed by its occupiers throughout the first half of the sixteenth centuryincluding the forced conversion of its native Muslim population. Written by Francisco Nunez Muley, one of many coerced Christian converts, this extraordinary letter lodges a clear-sighted, impassioned protest against the unreasonable and strongly assimilationist laws that required all converted Muslims in Granada to dress, speak, eat, marry, celebrate festivals, and be buried exactly as the Castilian settler population did.  Now available in its first English translation, Nunez Muleys account is an invaluable example of how Spains former Muslims made active use of the written word to challenge and openly resist the progressively intolerant policies of the Spanish Crown. Timely and resonantgiven current debates concerning Islam, minorities, and cultural and linguistic assimilationthis edition provides scholars in a range of fields with a vivid and early example of resistance in the face of oppression.

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Journeys through an African Medical School

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Burnout is common among doctors in the West, so one might assume that a medical career in Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world, would place far greater strain on the idealism that drives many doctors. But, as A Heart for the Work makes clear, Malawian medical students learn to confront poverty creatively, experiencing fatigue and frustration but also joy and commitment on their way to becoming physicians. The first ethnography of medical training in the global South, Claire L. Wendlands book is a moving and perceptive look at medicine in a world where the transnational movement of people and ideas creates both devastation and possibility.  Wendland, a physician anthropologist, conducted extensive interviews and worked in wards, clinics, and operating theaters alongside the student doctors whose stories she relates. From the relative calm of Malawis College of Medicine to the turbulence of training at hospitals with gravely ill patients and dramatically inadequate supplies, staff, and technology, Wendlands work reveals the way these young doctors engage the contradictions of their circumstances, shedding new light on debates about the effects of medical training, the impact of traditional healing, and the purposes of medicine.

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Hybrid cloud is the number one deployment model for the near future. Microsoft Azure connected to Windows Server and System Center offers benefits such as cost-effective backup, disaster recovery, and agility. Discover the full power of cloud computing and Microsoft Azure Infrastructure Services (IaaS) with this easy-to-follow guide. We take you through each step, all the way from giving you a good understanding of cloud computers to being able to connect Azure with your on-premises data center. Using clearly illustrated examples, you are taken through how to manage a Microsoft Hybrid Cloud. Beginning with how to set up site to site VPN connections to Azure, we move on to creating virtual machines and networks and automate this. Managing Microsoft Hybrid Clouds will answer all your questions on Azure and how to benefit from a hybrid cloud. This book will teach you how to connect on-premises Windows Server and System Center to Azure. It shows the strength of Azure but also explains that you might expect features that are not yet available. 

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Django Design Patterns and Best Practices

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Learning how to write better Django code to build more maintainable websites either takes a lot of experience or familiarity with various design patterns. Filled with several idiomatic Django patterns, Django Design Patterns and Best Practices accelerates your journey into the world of web development. Discover a set of common design problems, each tackling aspects of Django including model design and Views, and learn several recommended solutions with useful code examples and illustrations. You'll also get to grips with the current best practices in the latest versions of Django and Python. Creating a successful web application involves much more than Django, so advanced topics including REST, testing, debugging, security, and deployment are also explored in detail. 

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Nowadays, organizations are facing a critical challenge of providing reliable, efficient, and secure access to corporate information. With AirWatch by VMware's Enterprise Mobility Management platform, you will be able to set up and deploy access to corporate information securely from mobile devices, allowing security policies and regulations to meet compliance for your business. This book will guide you through a detailed overview on how to set up AirWatch by VMware, administer the deployment, manage enterprise integrations, and configure security controls and many more options available for effective EMM deployments in enterprises. Each of the components of EMM is explained in the book in a way that you can apply your knowledge in the best possible manner while working with your mobile deployments. 

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CoffeeScript is a JavaScript compiler. CoffeeScript brings many things to the table that are lacking in JavaScript itself. This includes a class and module system, a syntax that is cleaner, less terse, and well structured, and list comprehensions that make working with collections of data more enjoyable. CoffeeScript can be used as not only a tool for the Web, but also as a tool for day-to-day DevOps type tasks (for example, file processing, working with databases, and more). This practical guide contains a wide range of recipes demonstrating how CoffeeScript can be used while developing the entire stack of an application. With recipes that range from easy and intermediate to advanced, there is something here for anyone looking to escape the common pitfalls of JavaScript and develop in a clean and expressive language. 

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Learning Three.js  the JavaScript 3D Library for WebGL - Second Edition

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Modern browsers support WebGL, which makes it possible to create 3D graphics in a browser without having to use plugins such as Flash and Java. Programming WebGL, however, is difficult, complex, and very difficult to debug. With Three.js, it is possible to create stunning 3D graphics in an intuitive manner using JavaScript, without the need to know the details of WebGL. Learning Three.js  the JavaScript 3D Library for WebGL, Second Edition, is a practical, example-rich book that will help you learn about all the features of Three.js. This book will show you how to create or load models from externally created models and realistic-looking 3D objects using materials and textures. You'll also learn how to use the HTML5 video and canvas elements as a material for your 3D objects, different ways of animating your models, skeleton-based animation, and how to add physics such as gravity and collision detection to your scene. By the end of the book, you'll know everything that is required to create 3D animated graphics that run in any browser using Three.js. 

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Elastix Unified Communications Server Cookbook

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Elastix brings together the most useful tools and features from the Unified Communications and Open Source worlds: IP-PBX, Chat, Call Center, Multisite, Video, and so on, in a modular way. Beginning with installation and gaining an in-depth understanding of the internal workings of Elastix, you will soon dive into the core features of Elastix and VoIP and Unified Communications to enable a full cost-effective Unified Communications server solution. You will explore the configuration of IP-BPX features, control call routes and destinations, and troubleshoot the unified communications software. Finish by going that extra mile and securing your server and implement advanced dialplan functions. Through this step-by-step guide you will get to grips with VoIP and Unified Communications with Elastix and dive into practical tips to install, deploy, and maintain your own solutions. 

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Corona SDK Mobile Game Development: Beginner's Guide - Second Edition

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Corona is a software development kit to build mobile applications for iPhone, iPad, and Android devices. This book will take you through the journey of developing games right from installing Corona SDK and creating Hello World as your first app. Going further, you will learn how to script in Lua and learn some techniques to apply this in Corona SDK with demonstration. Towards the end of the book you'll build the final game, which involves physical objects and also uses features such as the accelerometer. Moreover, learn to make your game socially available on Twitter and Facebook. By the end of the book, you'll learn to deploy your iOS and Android games to the App Store and Google Play Store. 

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Explore the different ways an e-commerce store can be configured and select the best settings for your store, using this practical guide. We begin by introducing dozens of step-by-step recipes to configure all of the basic settings you need to open your store. You will then go into the different ways you can create products. You can then remove unnecessary elements or add extra elements to help people navigate your store. Next you'll set up shipping methods and automatically get live quotes. Finally, you'll learn how to set up different payment methods and customize the checkout. Whether you're planning on building a WooCommerce site for yourself of for someone else you can give yourself a 10-hour headstart by reading through this book. 