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Creativity and Reason in Cognitive Development

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To what extent do creativity and imagination decline in childhood? What factors might influence a decline? Theories of cognitive development show only uni-directional progress (although theorists may disagree whether such progress occurs steadily in small continuous improvements or comes in stages separated by plateaus during which developmental gains are consolidated).  Declines in levels of skill are quite uncommon, yet many have observed just such an unusual pattern with regard to the development of creativity and of the imagination. Is there something about the development of one kind of thinking that undermines imaginative and creative thinking? Is it perhaps the process of schooling itself, with its focus on the acquisition of knowledge and the production of correct (rather than imaginative) answers, which promotes this decline?  This book explores these questions from a variety of perspectives. Essays from psychologists and educators from diverse backgrounds discuss the relationships among creativity, reason, and knowledge.

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This important text and reference for researchers and students in machine learning, game theory, statistics and information theory offers a comprehensive treatment of the problem of predicting individual sequences. Unlike standard statistical approaches to forecasting, prediction of individual sequences does not impose any probabilistic assumption on the data-generating mechanism. Yet, prediction algorithms can be constructed that work well for all possible sequences, in the sense that their performance is always nearly as good as the best forecasting strategy in a given reference class. The central theme is the model of prediction using expert advice, a general framework within which many related problems can be cast and discussed. Repeated game playing, adaptive data compression, sequential investment in the stock market, sequential pattern analysis, and several other problems are viewed as instances of the experts' framework and analyzed from a common nonstochastic standpoint that often reveals new and intriguing connections.

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Neonatal nutrition has a pivotal role in normal child development and is of even greater importance in the sick or premature neonate. This 2006 edition includes a comprehensive account of the basic science, metabolism and nutritional requirements of the neonate, and a greatly expanded number of chapters dealing in depth with clinical issues ranging from IUGR, intravenous feeding, nutritional therapies for inborn errors of metabolism, and care of the neonatal surgical patient. Evolving from these scientific and clinical aspects, the volume highlights the important long-term effects of fetal and neonatal growth on health in later life. In addition, there are very practical chapters on methods and techniques for assessing nutritional status, body composition, and evaluating metabolic function.

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During the past several decades a growing number of scholars have come to appreciate the importance of studying John Calvin's interpretive work as a commentator on Scripture in addition to his better-known writings on theology. In this volume ten essays by scholars specializing in Calvin's exegetical methods examine the approaches and themes Calvin emphasized when he interpreted major portions of Scripture. These essays focus on Calvin's work in his biblical commentaries with appropriate cross-referencing to his other writings, including his sermons. A concluding essay synthesizes the main features of what has gone before to present an overall view of John Calvin as an interpreter and commentator on Holy Scripture. An appreciation of Calvin's exegetical labors and his work as a biblical commentator are now recognized as key elements in Calvin scholarship.

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An Analytical Approach to Control Theory

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Linear systems can be regarded as a causal shift-invariant operator on a Hilbert space of signals, and by doing so this book presents an introduction to the common ground between operator theory and linear systems theory. The book therefore includes material on pure mathematical topics such as Hardy spaces, closed operators, the gap metric, semigroups, shift-invariant subspaces, the commutant lifting theorem and almost-periodic functions, which would be entirely suitable for a course in functional analysis; at the same time, the book includes applications to partial differential equations, to the stability and stabilization of linear systems, to power signal spaces (including some recent material not previously available in books), and to delay systems, treated from an input/output point of view. Suitable for students of analysis, this book also acts as an introduction to a mathematical approach to systems and control for graduate students in departments of applied mathematics or engineering.

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The Elements of C++ Style, first published in 2004, is for all C++ practitioners, especially for those working in teams where consistency is critical. Just as Strunk and White's The Elements of Style provides rules of usage for writing in the English language, this text furnishes a set of rules for writing in C++. The authors offer a collection of standards and guidelines for creating solid C++ code that will be easy to understand, enhance and maintain. The book provides conventions for:  formatting  naming  documentation   programming  and packaging for the latest ANSI standard of C++, and also includes discussion of advanced topics such as templates.

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Trevor Misfeldt, Gregory Bumgardner, Andrew Gray, Luo Xiaoping

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Global Methods for Combinatorial Isoperimetric Problems

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Certain constrained combinatorial optimization problems have a natural analogue in the continuous setting of the classical isoperimetric problem. The study of so called combinatorial isoperimetric problems exploits similarities between these two, seemingly disparate, settings. This text focuses on global methods. This means that morphisms, typically arising from symmetry or direct product decomposition, are employed to transform new problems into more restricted and easily solvable settings whilst preserving essential structure. This book is based on Professor Harper's many years' experience in teaching this subject and is ideal for graduate students entering the field. The author has increased the utility of the text for teaching by including worked examples, exercises and material about applications to computer science. Applied systematically, the global point of view can lead to surprising insights and results, and established researchers will find this to be a valuable reference work on an innovative method for problem solving.

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Selection, Adaptation and Progress in Evolutionary Biology

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No other scientific theory has had as tremendous an impact on our understanding of the world as Darwin's theory as outlined in his Origin of Species, yet from the very beginning the theory has been subject to controversy. The Evolution of Darwinism, first published in 2004, focuses on three issues of debate - the nature of selection, the nature and scope of adaptation, and the question of evolutionary progress. It traces the varying interpretations to which these issues were subjected from the beginning and the fierce contemporary debates that still rage on and explores their implications for the greatest questions of all: Where we come from, who we are and where we might be heading. Written in a clear and non-technical style, this book will be of use as a textbook for students in the philosophy of science who need to become familiar with the background to the debates about evolution.

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This collection explores the structure of consciousness and its place in the world, or inversely the structure of the world and the place of consciousness in it. Amongst the topics covered are: the phenomenological aspects of experience (inner awareness, self-awareness), dependencies between experience and the world (the role of the body in experience, the role of culturally formed background ideas) and the basic ontological categories found in the world at large (unity, state-of-affairs, connectedness, dependence and intentionality). Developing ideas drawn from historical figures such as Descartes, Husserl, Aristotle, and Whitehead, the essays together demonstrate the interdependence of ontology and phenomenology and its significance for the philosophy of mind.

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Andrea Wiley investigates the ecological, historical, and socio-cultural factors that contribute to the peculiar pattern of infant mortality in Ladakh, a high-altitude region in the western Himalayas of India. Ladakhi newborns are extremely small at birth, smaller than those in other high-altitude populations, smaller still than those in sea level regions. Factors such as hypoxia, dietary patterns, the burden of women's work, gender, infectious diseases, seasonality, and use of local health resources all affect a newborn's birth weight and raise the likelihood of infant mortality. An Ecology of High-Altitude Infancy is unique in that it makes use of the methods of human biology but strongly emphasizes the ethnographic context that gives human biological measures their meaning. It is an example of a new genre of anthropological work: 'ethnographic human biology'.

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The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe

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In an in-depth comparative and long-term analysis, first published in 2004, Daniele Caramani studies the macro-historical process of the nationalization of politics. Using a great wealth of data on single constituencies in seventeen West European countries, he reconstructs the territorial structures of electoral support for political parties, as well as their evolution since the mid-nineteenth century from highly fragmented politics in the early stages toward nation-wide alignments. Caramani provides a multi-pronged empirical analysis through time, across countries, and between party families. The inclusion in the analysis of all the most important social and political cleavages - class, state-church, rural-urban, ethno-linguistic and religious - allows him to assess the nationalizing impact of the class cleavage that emerged from national and industrial revolutions, and the resistance of preindustrial cultural factors to national integration. Institutional and socio-economic factors are combined with actor-centered patterns and differences between national types of territorial configurations of the vote.

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A First Course in Combinatorial Optimization

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A First Course in Combinatorial Optimization is a text for a one-semester introductory graduate-level course for students of operations research, mathematics, and computer science. It is a self-contained treatment of the subject, requiring only some mathematical maturity. Topics include: linear and integer programming, polytopes, matroids and matroid optimization, shortest paths, and network flows. Central to the exposition is the polyhedral viewpoint, which is the key principle underlying the successful integer-programming approach to combinatorial-optimization problems. Another key unifying topic is matroids. The author does not dwell on data structures and implementation details, preferring to focus on the key mathematical ideas that lead to useful models and algorithms. Problems and exercises are included throughout as well as references for further study.

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Social order is regulated from above by the law but its foundation is built on norms and customs, informal social practices that enable people to make meaningful and productive uses of their time and resources. Despite the importance of these practices in keeping the social fabric together, very little of the jurisprudential literature has focused on a discussion of these norms and customs. In Social Norms in a Wired World Steven Hetcher argues that the traditional conception of norms as rule-like linguistic entities is erroneous. Instead, norms must be understood as patterns of rationally governed behaviour maintained in groups by acts of conformity. Using informal game theory in the analysis of norms and customs, Hetcher applies his theory of norms to tort law and Internet privacy laws. This book will appeal to students and professionals in law, philosophy, and political and social theory.

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This book is the first international handbook of intelligence ever published. It is intended to prove a truly international perspective on the nature of intelligence. It covers intelligence theory, research, and practice from all over the globe. Areas covered include Great Britain, Australia, French-speaking countries, German-speaking countries, Spanish-speaking countries, India, Japan, Israel, Turkey, and China. Each author is an internationally recognized expert in the field of intelligence. Authors represent not just their own viewpoint, but rather, the full variety of viewpoints indigenous to the area about which they write. Each chapter deals with, for its area, definitions and theories of intelligence, history of research, current research, assessment techniques, and comparison across geographical areas. An integrative final chapter synthesizes the diverse international viewpoints.

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English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation

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In this 2004 book, Barry Buzan offers an extensive critique and reappraisal of the English school approach to International Relations. Starting on the neglected concept of world society and bringing together the international society tradition and the Wendtian mode of constructivism, Buzan offers a new theoretical framework that can be used to address globalisation as a complex political interplay among state and non-state actors. This approach forces English school theory to confront neglected questions about both its basic concepts and assumptions, and about the constitution of society in terms of what values are shared, how and why they are shared, and by whom. Buzan highlights the idea of primary institutions as the central contribution of English school theory and shows how this both differentiates English school theory from realism and neoliberal institutionalism, and how it can be used to generate distinctive comparative and historical accounts of international society.

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Essays in Film Criticism, History, and Aesthetics

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The 'I' of the Camera has become a classic in the literature of film. Offering alternatives to the viewing and criticism of film, William Rothman challenges readers to think about film in adventurous ways that are more open to movies and our experience of them. In a series of eloquent essays examining particular films, filmmakers, genres and movements, and the 'Americanness' of American film, Rothman argues compellingly that movies have inherited the philosophical perspective of American transcendentalism. This second edition contains all of the essays that made the book a benchmark of film criticism. It also includes fourteen essays, written subsequent to the book's original publication, as well as a new foreword. The new chapters further broaden the scope of the volume, fleshing out its vision of film history and illuminating the author's critical method and the philosophical perspective that informs it.

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Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment

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The Collected Essays of Robert J. Gordon

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The seventeen seminal essays by Robert J. Gordon collected here, including three previously unpublished works, offer sharply etched views on the principal topics of macroeconomics - growth, inflation, and unemployment. The author re-examines their salient points in a uniquely creative, accessible introduction that serves on its own as an introduction to modern macroeconomics. Each of the four parts into which the essays are grouped also offers a new introduction. The papers in Part I explore different key aspects of the history, theory, and measurement of productivity growth. The essays in Part II investigate the sources of business cycles and productivity fluctuations. Those in Part III cover the effects of supply shocks in macroeconomics. The final group presents empirical studies of the dynamics of inflation in the United States. The foreword by Nobel Laureate Robert M. Solow comments on the abiding importance of these essays drawn from 1968 to the present.

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Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are used by many examination boards as a way of testing a broad spectrum of knowledge in an easily administered and unbiased way. They form a critical part of both the Primary and Final FRCA (Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists) examinations. Six 90-question examinations, and a 30-question sample examination are presented, offering 570 individual questions with detailed model answers and making this book a comprehensive self-learning tool, especially when used in conjunction with other key texts such as Fundamentals of Anaesthesia.

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Medicolegal Essentials in Healthcare provides a concise overview of the most clinically relevant medicolegal issues for healthcare groups in England and Wales, and is a valuable resource for medical, dental and nursing students in training as well as being a useful quick reference for practitioners in these fields. Each chapter is written by a leading expert on the subject, and as such provides up-to-date, concise, and comprehensive coverage, identifying key areas of controversy and enabling readers to put contemporary medicolegal issues into their appropriate clinical context.  Key features include:  Focuses on issues of immediate relevance to healthcare professionals  Chapters written by leading experts in the field  A knowledge of medicolegal issues is of increasing importance to all healthcare professionals, as society generally becomes more litigious, and practitioners face the threat of legal claims against them

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The Medico-Legal Back: An Illustrated Guide

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Back pain and back injury is an extremely common problem, producing chronic, debilitating symptoms for sufferers, and resulting in millions of pounds of lost revenue in absence from work and paid in compensation for spinal injuries. Originally published in 2004, The Medico-Legal Back addresses the problem for a legal readership, in a clear, concise and reader-friendly style. It does away with the need to search for and then extract complex information from many different sources, and as such will be an indispensable guide to the problem for all lawyers, judges and medico-legal experts, as well as being of value to the orthopaedic surgeon with an interest in the spine. Of particular value is the use throughout the book of analogies drawn on anatomical technicalities and common movements, situations and incidents of everyday life.