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How can society improve its living standards? What are the conditions necessary for prosperity? These are the questions that define the essence of growth theory. In this user-friendly book, Olivier de la Grandville provides a fascinating introduction to the theory of economic growth and shows how many results from this field are of paramount importance for society. The classical mechanics of the growth process are carefully explained, with two chapters devoted to the fundamental issue of the substitution of labor for capital in the growth process (co-written with Robert M. Solow, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics). The book also addresses the fundamental question of the optimal investment rate of an economy.  In addition, de la Grandville shows us that by unifying the descriptive and normative aspects of growth theory we can generate many fresh insights, including a proof of Adam Smith's 'Invisible Hand' conjecture.

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Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) is both a theoretical formalism based on logic and a practical programming language based on rules. This book, written by the creator of CHR, describes the theory of CHR and how to use it in practice. It is supported by a website containing teaching materials, online demos, and free downloads of the   language. After a basic tutorial, the author describes in detail the CHR language and discusses guaranteed properties of CHR programs. The author then compares CHR with other formalisms and languages and illustrates how it can capture their essential features. Finally, larger programs are introduced and analyzed in detail. The book is ideal for graduate students and lecturers, and for more experienced programmers and researchers, who can use it for self-study. Exercises with selected solutions, and bibliographic remarks are included at the ends of chapters. The book is the definitive reference on the subject.

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Geomorphology and Global Environmental Change

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How will global environmental change affect the landscape and our interaction with it? Apart from climate change, there are other important catalysts of landscape change, including relief, hydroclimate and runoff, sea level variations and human activity. This volume summarises the geomorphic implications of global environmental change, analysing such effects on lakes, rivers, coasts, reefs, rainforests, savannas, deserts, glacial features, and mountains. Providing a benchmark statement from the world's leading geomorphologists on the state of, and potential changes to, the environment, this book is invaluable for advanced courses on geomorphology and environmental science, and as a reference for research scientists. Interdisciplinary in scope, with a primary audience of Earth and environmental scientists, geographers, geomorphologists and ecologists, it also has a wider reach to those concerned with the social, economic and political issues raised by global environmental change, and is useful to policy makers and environmental managers.

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Olav Slaymaker, Thomas Spencer, Christine Embleton-Hamann

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Toward Measurement of Expert Performance and Design of Optimal Learning Environments

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Professionals such as medical doctors, aeroplane pilots, lawyers, and technical specialists find that some of their peers have reached high levels of achievement that are difficult to measure objectively. In order to understand to what extent it is possible to learn from these expert performers for the purpose of helping others improve their performance, we first need to reproduce and measure this performance. This book is designed to provide the first comprehensive overview of research on the acquisition and training of professional performance as measured by objective methods rather than by subjective ratings by supervisors. In this collection of articles, the world's foremost experts discuss methods for assessing the experts' knowledge and review our knowledge on how we can measure professional performance and design training environments that permit beginning and experienced professionals to develop and maintain their high levels of performance, using examples from a wide range of professional domains.

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Rethinking the Western Understanding of the Self

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Ulrich Steinvorth offers a fresh analysis and critique of rationality as a defining element in Western thinking. Steinvorth argues that Descartes' understanding of the self offers a more plausible and realistic alternative to the prevailing understanding of the self formed by the Lockean conception and utilitarianism. When freed from Cartesian dualism, such a conceptualization enables us to distinguish between self and subject. Moreover, it enables us to understand why individualism  one of the hallmarks of modernity in the West  became a universal ideal to be granted to every member of society; how acceptance of this notion could peak in the seventeenth century; and why it is now in decline, though not irreversibly so. Most importantly, the Cartesian concept of the self presents a way of saving modernity from the dangers that it now encounters.

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Tax law is political. This book highlights and explains the major themes and methodologies of a group of scholars who challenge the traditional claim that tax law is neutral and unbiased. The contributors to this volume include pioneers in the field of critical tax theory, as well as key thinkers who have sustained and expanded the investigation into why the tax laws are the way they are and what impacts tax laws have on historically disempowered groups. This volume, assembled by two law professors who work in the field, is an accessible introduction to this new and growing body of scholarship. It is a resource not only for scholars and students in the fields of taxation and economics, but also for those who engage with critical race theory, feminist legal theory, queer theory, class-based analysis, and social justice generally. Tax is the one area of law that affects everyone in our society, and this book is crucial to understanding its impact.

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Principles, Calculation and Applications of Low-Energy Reactions

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Describing the processes in stars which produce the chemical elements for planets and life, this book shows how similar processes may be reproduced in laboratories using exotic beams, and how these results can be analyzed. Beginning with one-channel scattering theory, the book builds up to multi-channel reactions. Emphasis is placed on using transfer and breakup reactions to probe structure and predict capture processes, as well as R-matrix methods for modeling compound nucleus dynamics described by Hauser-Feshbach methods. Practical applications are prominent in this book, confronting theory predictions with data throughout. The associated reaction program Fresco is described, allowing readers to apply the methods to practical cases. Each chapter ends with exercises so readers can test their understanding of the materials covered. Supplementary materials at www.cambridge.org/9780521856355 include the Fresco program, input and output files for the examples given in the book, and hints and graphs related to the exercises.

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Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks

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Are you involved in designing the next generation of wireless networks? With spectrum becoming an ever scarcer resource, it is critical that new systems utilize all available frequency bands as efficiently as possible. The revolutionary technology presented in this book will be at the cutting edge of future wireless communications. Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks provides you with an all-inclusive introduction to this emerging technology, outlining the fundamentals of cognitive radio-based wireless communication and networking, spectrum sharing models, and the requirements for dynamic spectrum access. In addition to the different techniques and their applications in designing dynamic spectrum access methods, you'll also find state-of-the-art dynamic spectrum access schemes, including classifications of the different schemes and the technical details of each scheme. This is a perfect introduction for graduate students and researchers, as well as a useful self-study guide for practitioners.

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There is a wealth of critical commentary on Umberto Eco in scholarly books and articles; this collection provides thought-provoking insights into topics that have attracted a great deal of attention in the past without repeating many of the arguments found in earlier publications on Eco. Representing the most active scholars writing on Eco from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, the international panel of authors provides sophisticated engagement with Eco's contributions to a wide range of academic disciplines (semiotics, popular culture, linguistics, aesthetics, philosophy, medieval studies) as well as his literary production of five important novels. From the impact of the detective genre on Eco's literary work to his place as a major medievalist, New Essays on Umberto Eco covers a variety of subjects of interest not only to a wide audience interested in Eco's fiction, but also to the serious student delving into Eco's more esoteric writings.

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Practical Tools and Techniques in Software Development

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How can we make sure that the software we build does what it is supposed to? This book provides an insight into established techniques which help developers to overcome the complexity of software development by constructing models of software systems in early design stages. It uses one of the leading formal methods, VDM (Vienna Development Method), and combines training in the formalism with industry-strength tool support and examples derived from real industrial applications. The principles taught here also apply to many of the current generation of formal methods. This second edition has been updated to include advanced online tool support for formal modelling as well as up-to-date reports on real commercial applications in areas as diverse as business information systems and firmware design.

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Policy discussions play an important role in labour law, and labour lawyers draw on a wide range of disciplines and approaches in order to construct their arguments. This overview of the basic principles of labour law and the related policy arguments introduces two of the main perspectives used in the analysis of labour law today  human rights and economics. It offers a brief history of the influence of human rights and economics on labour law since the 1950s, explains neoclassical and new institutional economics and summarises the historical development of international human rights law. The insights of rights theorists and economists are then applied to a selection of topics in labour law, including anti-discrimination law, dismissal, working time, pay, consultation and collective bargaining, trade union membership and industrial action, in order to demonstrate the interplay between the two perspectives.

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Improve design efficiency and reduce costs with this practical guide to formal and simulation-based functional verification. Giving you a theoretical and practical understanding of the key issues involved, expert authors including Wayne Wolf and Dan Gajski explain both formal techniques (model checking, equivalence checking) and simulation-based techniques (coverage metrics, test generation). You get insights into practical issues including hardware verification languages (HVLs) and system-level debugging. The foundations of formal and simulation-based techniques are covered too, as are more recent research advances including transaction-level modeling and assertion-based verification, plus the theoretical underpinnings of verification, including the use of decision diagrams and Boolean satisfiability (SAT).

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A student-friendly style, over 100 illustrations, and numerous exercises are brought together in this textbook for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in physics and mathematics. Lewis Ryder develops the theory of general relativity in detail. Covering the core topics of black holes, gravitational radiation, and cosmology, he provides an overview of general relativity and its modern ramifications. The book contains chapters on gravitational radiation, cosmology, and connections between general relativity and the fundamental physics of the microworld. It explains the geometry of curved spaces and contains key solutions of Einstein's equations - the Schwarzschild and Kerr solutions. Mathematical calculations are worked out in detail, so students can develop an intuitive understanding of the subject, as well as learn how to perform calculations. The book also includes topics concerned with the relation between general relativity and other areas of fundamental physics. Selected solutions for instructors are available under Resources.

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The International Law of Investment Claims

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The International Law of Investment Claims considers the distinct principles governing the prosecution of a claim in investment treaty arbitration. The principles are codified as 54 'rules' of general application on the juridical foundations of investment treaty arbitration, the jurisdiction of the tribunal, the admissibility of claims and the laws applicable to different aspects of the investment dispute. The commentary to each proposed rule contains a critical analysis of the investment treaty jurisprudence and makes extensive reference to the decisions of other international courts and tribunals, as well as to the relevant experience of municipal legal orders. Solutions are elaborated in respect of the most intractable problems that have arisen in the cases, including: the effect of an exclusive jurisdiction clause in an investment agreement with the host state; reliance on the MFN clause in relation to jurisdictional provisions; and, the legitimate scope of derivative claims by shareholders.

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Health Care for Us All challenges the common belief that health care problems in the United States are difficult and possibly insoluble. Americans want to get more for their health care spending, including insurance coverage for all that is personal, portable, and permanent. They want a system that respects incentives for quality care, exhibits a responsible approach to the budget, and is sustainable. Health Care for Us All adopts these five objectives and applies an efficiency filter to identify the virtually unique framework that meets all objectives. Impediments to achieving Americans' goals can be summarized under the rubrics of too little insurance, too little income, and too little properly functioning market. The efficient remedy for each is the subject of the book. Related philosophical as well as economic issues, such as why there should be government involvement in health care, are analyzed.

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Understanding viscoelasticity is pertinent to design applications as diverse as earplugs, gaskets, computer disks, satellite stability, medical diagnosis, injury prevention, vibration abatement, tire performance, sports, spacecraft explosions, and music. This book fits a one-semester graduate course on the properties, analysis, and uses of viscoelastic materials. Those familiar with the author's precursor book, Viscoelastic Solids, will see that this book contains many updates and expanded coverage of the materials science, causes of viscoelastic behavior, properties of materials of biological origin, and applications of viscoelastic materials. The theoretical presentation includes both transient and dynamic aspects, with emphasis on linear viscoelasticity to develop physical insight. Methods for the solution of stress analysis problems are developed and illustrated. Experimental methods for characterization of viscoelastic materials are explored in detail. Viscoelastic phenomena are described for a wide variety of materials, including viscoelastic composite materials. Applications of viscoelasticity and viscoelastic materials are illustrated with case studies.

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Nervous System is the new atlas-oriented resource in central nervous system pathology. As the fourth book in the Cambridge Illustrated Surgical Pathology series it is the most comprehensive text of methods utilized by pathologists to accurately diagnose diseases affecting the brain, meninges, and spinal cord. The book is a richly illustrated guide to surgical neuropathology, including all primary brain tumors as well as others arising near the nervous system that are also within the scope of neurosurgical practice. Numerous neuroimaging examples are provided to underscore the importance of knowing the basics of radiographic studies in accurately diagnosing CNS pathology. A complete spectrum of nonneoplastic neuropathological entities is also illustrated, including infectious, inflammatory, and epilepsy-related neuropathology. Additional chapters address intraoperative consultation and frozen sections, as well as CSF cytopathology.

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A First Course in Digital Communications

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Communication technology has become pervasive in the modern world, and ever more complex. Focusing on the most basic ideas, this carefully paced, logically structured textbook is packed with insights and illustrative examples, making this an ideal introduction to modern digital communication. Examples with step-by-step solutions help with the assimilation of theoretical ideas, and MATLAB exercises develop confidence in applying mathematical concepts to real-world problems. Right from the start the authors use the signal space approach to give students an intuitive feel for the modulation/demodulation process. After a review of signals and random processes, they describe core topics and techniques such as source coding, baseband transmission, modulation, and synchronization. The book closes with coverage of advanced topics such as trellis-coding, CMDA, and space-time codes to stimulate further study. This is an ideal textbook for anyone who wants to learn about modern digital communication.

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Are you involved in implementing wireless mesh networks? As mesh networks move towards large-scale deployment, this highly practical book provides the information and insights you need. The technology is described, potential pitfalls in implementation are identified, clear hints and tips for success are provided, and real-world implementation examples are evaluated. Moreover, an introduction to wireless sensor networks (WSN) is included. This is an invaluable resource for electrical and communications engineers, software engineers, technology and information strategists in equipment, content and service providers, and spectrum regulators. It is also a useful guide for graduate students in wireless communications, and telecommunications.

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This authoritative account of electronic and optoelectronic devices operating at frequencies greater than 1 GHz covers the concepts and fundamental principles of operation, and, uniquely, their circuit applications too.  Key features include:  a comprehensive coverage of electron devices, such as MESFET, HEMT, RF MOSFET, BJT and HBT, and their models  discussions of semiconductor devices fabricated in a variety of material systems, such as Si, III-V compound semiconductors, and Si-Ge  a description of light-emitting diodes, semiconductor lasers and photodetectors  plentiful real-world examples  end-of-chapter problems to test understanding of the material covered From crystal structure to atomic bonding, recombination and radiation in semiconductors to p-n junctions and heterojunctions, a wide range of critical topics is covered. Optimization algorithms, such as simulated annealing and neural network applications, are also discussed. Graduate students in electrical engineering, industry professionals and researchers will all find this a valuable resource.

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Sheila Prasad, Hermann Schumacher, Anand Gopinath