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This invaluable book provides a broad and detailed introduction to the fascinating and hot research subject of transformation of biomass-related materials to biofuels. Biofuel production can be categorized into a variety of novel conversion and refinery development technologies. However, biomass recalcitrance is the biggest challenge blocking the way in biofuel conversion. This book provides an enlightening view of the frontiers in leading pretreatments, downstream enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation technology, corrosion issues in biofuel and merging biofuels technology into a pulp mill to pave the way for future large-scale biofuel production.

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WATER: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES

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This book provides a broad and complete introductions to the molecular structure, novel and anomalous properties, nonlinear excitations, soliton motions, magnetization, and biological effects of water. These subjects are described by both experimental results and theoretical analyses. These contents are very interesting and helpful to elucidate and explain the problem of what is on earth water. This book contains the research results of the author and plenty of scientists in recent decades.Water: Molecular Structure and Properties is self-contained and unified in presentation. It may be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students and even ambitious undergraduates in Physics and Biology. It is also suitable for the researchers and engineers in Physics, Biology and water science.

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RISK: A STUDY OF ITS ORIGINS, HISTORY AND POLITICS

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A Study of Its Origins, History and Politics

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Over a period of several centuries, the academic study of risk has evolved as a distinct body of thought, which continues to influence conceptual developments in fields such as economics, management, politics and sociology. However, few scholarly works have given a chronological account of cultural and intellectual trends relating to the understanding and analysis of risks. Risk: A Study of its Origins, History and Politics aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed study of key turning points in the evolution of society's understanding of risk. Using a wide range of primary and secondary materials, Matthias Beck and Beth Kewell map the political origins and moral reach of some of the most influential ideas associated with risk and uncertainty at specific periods of time. The historical focus of the book makes it an excellent introduction for readers who wish to go beyond specific risk management techniques and their theoretical underpinnings, to gain an understanding of the history and politics of risk.

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ASIAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS AND WTO COMPATIBILITY

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Goods, Services, Trade Facilitation and Economic Cooperation

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It is an appropriate time to rethink the relationship between trade regionalism and multilateralism in the Asian context as we witness the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) in Asia. In the 1980s and 1990s, many scholars and policymakers believed that Asian integration was market-based, rather than legal-based, and that Asian integration would never be codified through agreements. Yet today, there are a large number of FTAs signed and under negotiation in Asia.This book investigates the appropriate relationship between regionalism and multilateralism, with a special reference to recent FTAs in Asia. It is undeniable that past trade multilateralism-regionalism debates centered on the trade-in-goods aspect. However, the majority of recent FTAs in Asia cover issues beyond trade-in-goods and tariff liberalization, such as trade facilitation, services, and economic cooperation. While the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XXIV governs regional integration initiatives in trade in goods, there is no (or at most a thin) World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement that stipulates the relationship between regionalism and multilateralism in issue areas other than goods.Thus, this study carefully considers the meaning of WTO-compatible FTAs by distinguishing WTO consistency and WTO friendliness, going beyond GATT Article XXIV debates and proposes a general framework for examining the openness of regionalism in various issue areas by identifying tree-type questions to distinguish several types of exclusiveness. It then specifically asks the following questions: Can Asian FTAs that cover several issues be considered multilateralism friendly? How does the relationship between regionalism and multilateralism differ between trade-in-goods and non-goods issue areas? What are policies that might reduce the exclusiveness of regional initiatives? The study concludes by listing counterintuitive policy suggestions to make FTAs truly WTO compatible. The book also includes a comprehensive list of FTAs in Asia and several WTO Agreements relating to trade regionalism.

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Cyclodextrin Chemistry covers the preparation of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives (CDs), and their applications in industrial and non-industrial areas. An overall theme in the book is the screening of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase), the preparation of sugar-branched cyclodextrins and CDs, and the use of CDs for reconstructing various supermolecule systems. The specific content also includes preparation methods, spectroscopy techniques for CDs analysis, and potential applications in food packaging, nutrient fortification, medicine, cosmetics, textiles, chemicals, feed, agriculture, and environment.It summarizes the research merit of CDs in the past twenty years and also emphasizes hot topics and important areas of cyclodextrin chemistry in the future.

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Global Credit Review is an annual publication that provides an overview of the most important developments in global credit markets and the regulatory landscape. The third volume provides some critical analysis, reviews the introduction of new regulations and also offers new insights to address the challenges ahead. The carefully selected chapters touch on current topics such as: the measurement of systemic risk, reserve requirements and its role in monetary policy, the application of the Basel II default definition by credit risk assessment systems, and changes in credit portfolio management, amongst others. Recent evolutions of the Risk Management Institute's Credit Research Initiative are also reported, including a comprehensive overview of the technical details on the implementation of the current RMI-CRI corporate default prediction model. With its distinctive focus on topics related to credit markets and credit risk, this is an invaluable publication for finance professionals, policy makers and academics with an interest in credit markets.

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DE-POLITICIZATION OF ETHNIC QUESTIONS IN CHINA

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De-politicizing issues of ethnicity is a new theoretical approach to study ethnic questions actively propounded and elaborated by Professor Ma Rong of Sociology Department of Peking University in the past ten years. In the recent years, this theoretical approach has aroused biggish responses from the academic community in Mainland China, the relevant government departments, and the general public. It is likely to elicit vigorous discussions in the years ahead. The book contains eight selected chapters which represent the main contributions to the debate. The first chapter by Ma Rong is the key paper where in he lays out his main ideas and arguments. The remaining chapters deal with both positive and negative responses to the first chapter, and his replies to them.

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In the mathematical practice, the Baire category method is a tool for establishing the existence of a rich array of generic structures. However, in mathematics, the Baire category method is also behind a number of fundamental results such as the Open Mapping Theorem or the Banach-Steinhaus Boundedness Principle. This volume brings the Baire category method to another level of sophistication via the internal version of the set-theoretic forcing technique. It is the first systematic account of applications of the higher forcing axioms with the stress on the technique of building forcing notions rather than on the relationship between different forcing axioms or their consistency strengths.

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Stevo Todorcevic, Chitat Chong, Qi Feng, Theodore A Slaman, W Hugh Woodin, Yue Yang

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PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA

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Since being established in 1949  and especially since the reform and opening up 30 years ago  China has experienced the most drastic changes ever in its 5000-year history. During this period, China has transformed from an agricultural society into an emerging, dynamic, and industrialized nation and has undergone rapid urbanization. The standard of living of the Chinese continues to rise and is taking rapid strides forward to a higher level of comprehensive well-being.China's development over the past 60 years has indicated that the livelihood of the people is a key factor in economic and social construction in contemporary China. Having sufficient food and clothing is the first step in improving the livelihood of the people. A higher level of well-being can be achieved only after the basic needs are met. This higher level of well-being comprises of employment as the foundation, education as the key point, income distribution as the source, social security as the support, and public safety as an assurance.This book offers fresh perspectives by prestigious scholars from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Based on a unique source of data which is available only to Chinese scholars, this book showcases key issues on people's livelihood and social construction in Contemporary China, including income disparity, social security system, employment situation, post-80s generation and so on.

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Volume 2: Land and Groundwater Pollution Control

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The Handbook of Environment and Waste Management, Volume 2, Land and Groundwater Pollution Control, is a comprehensive compilation of topics that are at the forefront of many of the technical advances and practices in solid waste management and groundwater pollution control. These include biosolids management, landfill for solid waste disposal, landfill liners, beneficial reuse of waste products, municipal solid waste recovery and recycling and groundwater remediation.Internationally recognized authorities in the field of environment and waste management contribute chapters in their areas of expertise. This handbook is an essential source of reference for professionals and researchers in the areas of solid waste management and groundwater pollution control, and as a text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in these fields.

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Yung-tse Hung, Lawrence K Wang, Nazih K Shammas

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WIRELESS SENSOR AND ROBOT NETWORKS: FROM TOPOLOGY CONTROL TO COMMUNICATION ASPECTS

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From Topology Control to Communication Aspects

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Wireless sensor networks have gained much attention these last years thanks to the great set of applications that accelerated the technological advances. Such networks have been widely investigated and many books and articles have been published about the new challenges they pose and how to address them. One of these challenges is node mobility: sensors could be moved unexpectedly if deployed in an uncontrolled environment or hold by moving object/animals.Beyond all this, a new dimension arises when this mobility is controlled, i.e. if these sensors are embedded in robots. These robots cohabit with sensors and cooperate together to perform a given task collectively by presenting hardware constraints: they still rely on batteries; they communicate through short radio links and have limited capacities.In this book, we propose to review new challenges brought about by controlled mobility for different goals and how they are addressed in the literature in wireless sensor and Robot networks, ranging from deployment to communications.

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STRONG LIGHT-MATTER COUPLING: FROM ATOMS TO SOLID-STATE SYSTEMS

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The physics of strong light-matter coupling has been addressed in different scientific communities over the last three decades. Since the early eighties, atoms coupled to optical and microwave cavities have led to pioneering demonstrations of cavity quantum electrodynamics, Gedanken experiments, and building blocks for quantum information processing, for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 2012. In the framework of semiconducting devices, strong coupling has allowed investigations into the physics of Bose gases in solid-state environments, and the latter holds promise for exploiting light-matter interaction at the single-photon level in scalable architectures. More recently, impressive developments in the so-called superconducting circuit QED have opened another fundamental playground to revisit cavity quantum electrodynamics for practical and fundamental purposes.This book aims at developing the necessary interface between these communities, by providing future researchers with a robust conceptual, theoretical and experimental basis on strong light-matter coupling, both in the classical and in the quantum regimes. In addition, the emphasis is on  new forefront research topics currently developed around the physics of strong light-matter interaction in the atomic and solid-state scenarios.

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Leong-chuan Kwek, Alexia Auffeves, Dario Gerace, Maxime Richard, Stefano Portolan, Marcelo Franca Santos, Christian Miniature

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HANDBOOK OF METADATA, SEMANTICS AND ONTOLOGIES

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Metadata research has emerged as a discipline cross-cutting many domains, focused on the provision of distributed descriptions (often called annotations) to Web resources or applications. Such associated descriptions are supposed to serve as a foundation for advanced services in many application areas, including search and location, personalization, federation of repositories and automated delivery of information. Indeed, the Semantic Web is in itself a concrete technological framework for ontology-based metadata. For example, Web-based social networking requires metadata describing people and their interrelations, and large databases with biological information use complex and detailed metadata schemas for more precise and informed search strategies.There is a wide diversity in the languages and idioms used for providing meta-descriptions, from simple structured text in metadata schemas to formal annotations using ontologies, and the technologies for storing, sharing and exploiting meta-descriptions are also diverse and evolve rapidly. In addition, there is a proliferation of schemas and standards related to metadata, resulting in a complex and moving technological landscape  hence, the need for specialized knowledge and skills in this area.The Handbook of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies is intended as an authoritative reference for students, practitioners and researchers, serving as a roadmap for the variety of metadata schemas and ontologies available in a number of key domain areas, including culture, biology, education, healthcare, engineering and library science.

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Essays in Honor of Professor Toshio Nakagawa on His 70th Birthday

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Reliability modeling has been a major concern for engineers and managers engaged in high quality system designs. This book presents the recent advancement in reliability theory and reliability engineering.Starting from maintenance policies, the book introduces reliability analysis to systems using stochastic processes to study their optimization problems. In this book, the authors will illustrate how these techniques of reliability are applied to solve optimization problems in computer, information and network systems.

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Syouji Nakamura, Cun Hua Qian, Mingchih Chen

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ECONOMICS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND HEALTH, THE

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This book defines the field of social capital and health.  Over the last two decades, there has been a recognition of the importance of social capital (usually defined as ties in the community, attachment to the community, and participation in community activities) and its impact on the health of those in that community. The purpose of this book is to show the growth in the field of social capital and health and to expose readers to a variety of approaches in order to think about and model the question of how health can be improved by investments in community social capital as well as by individual social capital.An outstanding set of papers will be presented by authors from the United States, as well as from Europe and Asia. These papers are cutting-edge and explore the mechanisms through which social capital affects health. The papers also present the most recent empirical work and discuss the policy implications of their findings. Without a doubt, this will be a landmark book which will make the study of social capital and its impact on health a major area of research in the coming decade.

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This book gives a unified approach to the theory concerning a new matrix version of classical harmonic analysis. Most results in the book have their analogues as classical or newer results in harmonic analysis. It can be used as a source for further research in many areas related to infinite matrices. In particular, it could be a perfect starting point for students looking for new directions to write their PhD thesis as well as for experienced researchers in analysis looking for new problems with great potential to be very useful both in pure and applied mathematics where classical analysis has been used, for example, in signal processing and image analysis.

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This volume presents recent progress and perspectives in multi-photon processes and spectroscopy of atoms, ions, molecules and solids. The subjects in the series cover the experimental and theoretical investigations in the interdisciplinary research fields of natural science including chemistry, physics, bioscience and material science.This volume is the latest volume in a series that is a pioneer in compiling review articles of nonlinear interactions of photons and matter. It has made an essential contribution to the development and promotion of the related research fields. In view of the rapid growth in multi-photon processes and multi-photon spectroscopy, care has been taken to ensure that the review articles contained in the series are readable not only by active researchers but also those who are not yet experts but intend to enter the field.

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Yuichi Fujimura, Sheng-hsien Lin, Albert A Villaeys

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Revealed Biodiversity: An Economic History of the Human Impact aims to show that for several centuries environmental conditions have been substantially the product of economic fluctuations. It contests the notion of perpetual decline in species composition. The arguments are supported by far more precise historical detail than is usual in books about ecology. The need to take the gains to human society into account when assessing environmental change is strongly emphasized. The book features case studies including England, the Netherlands, USA, East Asia, Brazil, and the areas of modern agricultural land grab.This book is important for its close attention to the documented historical record of environmental change in several countries over several centuries; for its demonstration of how much wildlife populations have been influenced by fluctuations in market activity; for revealing the need to be sensitive to historical baselines; and for emphasizing the imperative of taking the gains to human society into account when assessing environmental change. It, therefore, has considerable significance for environmental and conservation policies as well as for future studies in ecological history.

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This book presents empirical observations and theoretical thinking of the fundamental changes in the Chinese economy. It starts with a warning of the arrival of the Lewis Turning Point, which is empirically proven by disappearance of surplus labor force and a rapid increase in wages of unskilled workers. It further reveals that China's rapid population-aging trend is diminishing the demographic dividend that has kept China's economic growth rate high. Subsequently, it touches upon employment challenges that arise after reaching the Lewis Turning Point, further propelling urbanization, a balanced regional development, and so on. Finally,  it introduces middle-income trap which is one of the biggest challenges China is facing, followed by recommendation of policies for the Chinese government to tackle the challenges ahead.This book should be of great interest to graduates, undergraduates, researchers and specialists who follow closely the economic development and demographic transition of China, the world's most populous country.

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BIOLOGICAL DATA MINING & ITS APPLICATIONS IN HEALTHCARE

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Biologists are stepping up their efforts in understanding the biological processes that underlie disease pathways in the clinical contexts. This has resulted in a flood of biological and clinical data from genomic and protein sequences, DNA microarrays, protein interactions, biomedical images, to disease pathways and electronic health records. To exploit these data for discovering new knowledge that can be translated into clinical applications, there are fundamental data analysis difficulties that have to be overcome. Practical issues such as handling noisy and incomplete data, processing compute-intensive tasks, and integrating various data sources, are new challenges faced by biologists in the post-genome era. This book will cover the fundamentals of state-of-the-art data mining techniques which have been designed to handle such challenging data analysis problems, and demonstrate with real applications how biologists and clinical scientists can employ data mining to enable them to make meaningful observations and discoveries from a wide array of heterogeneous data from molecular biology to pharmaceutical and clinical domains.