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This unique volume presents a fruitful and beautiful mathematical world hidden in Caianiello's neuronic equations, which describe the instantaneous behavior of a model of a brain or thinking machine. The detailed analysis from a viewpoint of dynamical systems, even in a single neuron case, enables us to obtain amazingly good rational approximations to the Hecke-Mahler series with two variables. Some interesting numerical applications of our rational approximations are also discussed.This book is fundamentally self-contained and many topics required in it are explained from the beginning. Each chapter contains a number of instructive and mostly original exercises at various levels.

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The book originated in a series of lectures given at Liverpool in 2013 to a group that included postgraduate and undergraduate students and staff of the Physics Department. They followed from two very successful lectures given to the undergraduate Physical Society. It seemed that there was a very large interest among the students in investigating the foundations of physics in a way that was never done in physics courses, and was not available in books or other outlets. However, the idea was to create a framework in which students (and interested staff) could develop their own thinking relative to the ideas in the lectures. So it was important to create both conceptual and mathematical structures on the issues that are important at this level. The book has the right sort of technical content to allow for this development, but doesn't lose itself in excessive details. The ideal use for this book would be on postgraduate courses where students would be encouraged to think about the foundations in a way that is well beyond the superficial. However, a course on aspects of this material would also be valuable at the undergraduate level, where students could be stimulated into believing that creative thinking could solve the problems that emerge when we confront foundational problems.

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FRONTIERS OF INTELLIGENT CONTROL AND INFORMATION PROCESSING

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The current research and development in intelligent control and information processing have been driven increasingly by advancements made from fields outside the traditional control areas, into new frontiers of intelligent control and information processing so as to deal with ever more complex systems with ever growing size of data and complexity.As researches in intelligent control and information processing are taking on ever more complex problems, the control system as a nuclear to coordinate the activity within a system increasingly need to be equipped with the capability to analyze, and reason so as to make decision. This requires the support of cognitive components, and communication protocol to synchronize events within the system to operate in unison.In this review volume, we invited several well-known experts and active researchers from adaptive/approximate dynamic programming, reinforcement learning, machine learning, neural optimal control, networked systems, and cyber-physical systems, online concept drift detection, pattern recognition, to contribute their most recent achievements into the development of intelligent control systems, to share with the readers, how these inclusions helps to enhance the cognitive capability of future control systems in handling complex problems.This review volume encapsulates the state-of-art pioneering works in the development of intelligent control systems. Proposition and evocations of each solution is backed up with evidences from applications, could be used as references for the consideration of decision support and communication components required for today intelligent control systems.

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Derong Liu, Cesare Alippi, Dongbin Zhao, Huaguang Zhang

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QUANTUM FOUNDATIONS AND OPEN QUANTUM SYSTEMS

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The Advanced School on Quantum Foundations and Open Quantum Systems was an exceptional combination of lectures. These comprise lectures in standard physics and investigations on the foundations of quantum physics.On the one hand it included lectures on quantum information, quantum open systems, quantum transport and quantum solid state. On the other hand it included lectures on quantum measurement, models for elementary particles, sub-quantum structures and aspects on the philosophy and principles of quantum physics.The special program of this school offered a broad outlook on the current and near future fundamental research in theoretical physics.The lectures are at the level of PhD students.

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Theo M Nieuwenhuizen, Claudia Pombo, Claudio Furtado, Andrei Yu Khrennikov, Inacio A Pedrosa, Vaclav Spicka

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EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION APPROACH TO PARABOLIC EQUATIONS, AN

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This volume is on initial-boundary value problems for parabolic partial differential equations of second order. It rewrites the problems as abstract Cauchy problems or evolution equations, and then solves them by the technique of elementary difference equations. Because of this, the volume assumes less background and provides an easy approach for readers to understand.

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There has been great progress and increase in demand for medical imaging. The aim of this book is to capture all major developments in all aspects of medical imaging. As such, this book consists of three major parts: medical physics which includes 3D reconstructions, image processing and segmentation in medical imaging, and medical imaging instruments and systems. As the field is very broad and growing exponentially, this book will cover major activities with chapters prepared by leaders in the field.This book takes a balanced approach in providing coverage of all major work done in the field, and thus provides readers a clear view of the frontier activities in the field. Other books may only focus on instrumentation, physics or computer algorithms. In contrast, this book contains all components so that the readers will obtain a full picture of the field. At the same time, readers can gain some deep insights into certain special topics such as 3D reconstruction and image enhancement software systems involving MRI, ultrasound, X-ray and other medical imaging modalities.

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Proceedings of Workshop on Computation: Theory and Practice WCTP2013

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This is the proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computing: Theory and Practice, WCTP 2013 devoted to theoretical and practical approaches to computation. This workshop was organized by four top universities in Japan and the Philippines: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Osaka University, University of the Philippines  Diliman, and De La Salle University. The proceedings provides a comprehensive view of the current development of fundamental research in formal method, programming language and programming development environment, bioinformatics, empathic and intelligent systems, and computing gaming in Japan and the Philippines.

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Shin-ya Nishizaki, Masayuki Numao, Jaime D L Caro, Merlin Teodosia C Suarez

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DESIGN OF COASTAL STRUCTURES AND SEA DEFENSES

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Coastal structures are an important component in any coastal protection scheme.  They directly control wave and storm surge action or to stabilize a beach which provides protection to the coast.This book provides the most up-to-date technical advances on the design and construction of coastal structures and sea defenses.Written by renowned practicing coastal engineers, this edited volume focuses on the latest technology applied in planning, design and construction, effective engineering methodology, unique projects and problems, design and construction challenges, and other lesions learned.Many books have been written about the theoretical treatment of coastal and ocean structures. Much less has been written about the practical practice aspect of ocean structures and sea defenses. This comprehensive book fills the gap. It is an essential source of reference for professionals and researchers in the areas of coastal, ocean, civil, and geotechnical engineering.

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CIVILIZATION AND MODERNIZATION - PROCEEDINGS OF THE RUSSIAN-CHINESE CONFERENCE 2012

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Proceedings of the RussianChinese Conference 2012

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Modernization has been a profound change of human civilizations  a worldwide phenomenon and trend since the 18th century. It includes not only the great change and transformation from traditional to modern politics, economy, society and culture, but also all human development and the rational protection of the natural environment at present. It has changed not only people's lives in many aspects, but also the strategic pattern of world system.At present, modernization is not only a worldwide phenomenon, but also a development goal of many countries. It is a common responsibility of the world scientific community to study the principles, explain the phenomenon and serve to reach goals of modernization.The Russian-Chinese Scientific Conference on Civilization and Modernization (the first of its kind) was held at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) from 29 to 30 May 2012. Leading experts from the Institute of Philosophy RAS, the China Centre for Modernization Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Institute of Sociology RAS and the Institute of Social and Economic Problems of Territories RAS, of Kursk and Tyumen state universities, and other research centers took part in the conference.The conference focused on two issues: civilization and modernization, and global and regional modernization, part one and part two respectively of the proceedings. Twenty one papers in total were presented and they are collected here in this volume.

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The Political Use of Traditions in Contemporary China

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This book examines the political use of China's traditions by the party-state in contemporary China. It argues that the party-state has taken an official Marxist stance in terms of the political use of tradition. Besides looking at the official Marxist stance, this book also looks at critiques of the party-state's use of traditions by the Liberalists and Neo-traditionalists. The underlying political ideologies of these three camps are Marxism, Liberalism and Neo-traditionalism. These three political ideologies have been the most influential in Chinese politics since the Republican Revolution in 1911. The contemporary political use of China's traditions is a competition between Marxism, Liberalism and Neo-traditionalism. This competition is critical to the future of Chinese politics.This book also examines three cases, representing identical ways of the political use of traditions. The three cases are the children's reading-of-the-classics movement, the construction of a Chinese Cultural Symbolic City, the construction and subsequent removal of a statue of Confucius in and from Tiananmen Square, and the revision of the official list of public holidays. The study of the three cases attempts to shed light on the three ways Chinese traditions have been used politically by the party-state. It also attempts to explore the reasons for the party's use of Chinese traditions, the reasons for the party's scepticism with regard to using Chinese traditions, and more importantly, the competition and/or cooperation between Marxists, Liberalists and Neo-traditionalists.

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CHINA'S RISE: DEVELOPMENT-ORIENTED FINANCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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As a government institution specializing in development-oriented finance, the China Development Bank (CDB) has combined advanced international financial theories with China's practical conditions and has done remarkably well in removing financing bottlenecks, establishing market credit systems, and ensuring faster and better economic and social development. Its practice and theory in development-oriented finance represent a major distinctive feature of China's socialist market economy.Written in the setting of great history, great changes and great challenges, this book contains a systematic study of the theory and practice of development-oriented finance that has evolved along with China's reform and opening up. It provides an in-depth analysis of the ideological basis, theoretical contents, operating principles and innovative development of China's financial system.China's Rise: Development-Oriented Finance and Sustainable Development will promote further discussions and researches on China's modern economic and financial systems and in turn the sustainable development of the Chinese economy and the world economy at large.

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LIE GROUPS AND LIE ALGEBRAS FOR PHYSICISTS

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The book is intended for graduate students of theoretical physics (with a background in quantum mechanics) as well as researchers interested in applications of Lie group theory and Lie algebras in physics. The emphasis is on the inter-relations of representation theories of Lie groups and the corresponding Lie algebras.

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INNOVATIVE INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC POLICIES AND PRIVATE STRATEGIES FOR AGRO-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT

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In an effort to promote agro-enterprises and agro-industries as viable forms of inclusive development, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and The Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development (CIIFAD) in collaboration with the International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE), organized an international symposium on the topic Innovative Institutions, Public Policies, and Private Strategies for Inclusive Agro-Enterprise Development, as part of the Triennial Meetings of the IAAE held in Foz do lguacu, Brazil, in August 2012.This book contains the major papers presented at the symposium, which feature   a wide range of country and regional experiences and examine the influence of markets and technology transfer to agro-enterprises on food security, poverty, and economic growth. The contributions also identify alternative market access strategies for sustainable economic development. This volume will enrich existing knowledge of agro-enterprises as a channel for promoting inclusive growth and reducing poverty levels across developing and emerging markets.

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Ralph D Christy, Carlos A Da Silva, Nomathemba Mhlanga, Krisztina Tihanyi, Edward Mabaya

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The debate over the compatibility of Confucian culture with democracy is an ongoing one. Yet, few books in the existing literature have dealt specifically with the relationship between Confucian culture (as opposed to Confucianism or general cultural factors) and democracy. Prior to the end of the Second World War, no Confucian society was democratic, so the debate could only be done in an abstract sense. Only after the war did Japan emerge as a democratic country, and it is not a perfect case of the Confucian culture  for one, its Confucian legacy is diluted; moreover, its postwar transition to democracy was, to a large extent, externally imposed rather than internally generated. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, South Korea and Taiwan joined what Samuel P Huntington termed the third wave of democratization. Finally, at least two societies with strong Confucian heritage turned democratic, and unlike Japan, their democratic transition resulted mainly from internal political dynamics.Confucian Culture and Democracy represents a comprehensive effort to examine the linkages between Confucian culture and democracy. Building on the empirical evidence from South Korea and Taiwan, and examining semi-democratic societies with extensive experiences in electoral politics like Singapore and Hong Kong, this book provides readers with an empirical and detailed coverage of democratization and democratic governance in various Confucian societies. Japan  as a country influenced by Confucianism, is also analyzed, together with China  whether China joins the family of democratic states is undoubtedly an important concern for many in the region and beyond.

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INVERSE PROBLEMS: TIKHONOV THEORY AND ALGORITHMS

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Inverse problems arise in practical applications whenever one needs to deduce unknowns from observables. This monograph is a valuable contribution to the highly topical field of computational inverse problems. Both mathematical theory and numerical algorithms for model-based inverse problems are discussed in detail. The mathematical theory focuses on nonsmooth Tikhonov regularization for linear and nonlinear inverse problems. The computational methods include nonsmooth optimization algorithms, direct inversion methods and uncertainty quantification via Bayesian inference.The book offers a comprehensive treatment of modern techniques, and seamlessly blends regularization theory with computational methods, which is essential for developing accurate and efficient inversion algorithms for many practical inverse problems.It demonstrates many current developments in the field of computational inversion, such as value function calculus, augmented Tikhonov regularization, multi-parameter Tikhonov regularization, semismooth Newton method, direct sampling method, uncertainty quantification and approximate Bayesian inference. It is written for graduate students and researchers in mathematics, natural science and engineering.

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Decision trees have become one of the most powerful and popular approaches in knowledge discovery and data mining; it is the science of exploring large and complex bodies of data in order to discover useful patterns. Decision tree learning continues to evolve over time. Existing methods are constantly being improved and new methods introduced.This 2nd Edition is dedicated entirely to the field of decision trees in data mining; to cover all aspects of this important technique, as well as improved or new methods and techniques developed after the publication of our first edition.  In this new edition, all chapters have been revised and new topics brought in. New topics include Cost-Sensitive Active Learning, Learning with Uncertain and Imbalanced Data, Using Decision Trees beyond Classification Tasks, Privacy Preserving Decision Tree Learning, Lessons Learned from Comparative Studies, and Learning Decision Trees for Big Data. A walk-through guide to existing open-source data mining software is also included in this edition.This book invites readers to explore the many benefits in data mining that decision trees offer:

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Written by Lars Peter Hansen (Nobel Laureate in Economics, 2013) and Thomas Sargent (Nobel Laureate in Economics, 2011), Uncertainty within Economic Models includes articles adapting and applying robust control theory to problems in economics and finance. This book extends rational expectations models by including agents who doubt their models and adopt precautionary decisions designed to protect themselves from adverse consequences of model misspecification. This behavior has consequences for what are ordinarily interpreted as market prices of risk, but big parts of which should actually be interpreted as market prices of model uncertainty. The chapters discuss ways of calibrating agents' fears of model misspecification in quantitative contexts.

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LIMITS OF FISCAL, MONETARY, AND TRADE POLICIES, THE: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS AND SOLUTIONS

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Sixteen countries across the world  including the United States and many European nations  have fallen into economic crises since the late 1990s. In The Limits of Fiscal, Monetary, and Trade Policies: International Comparisons and Solutions, Jonathan E Leightner convincingly argues that the fundamental cause of the global malaise is a surplus of savings. He provides compelling evidence (via statistical estimates) that fiscal, monetary, and trade policies cannot solve the resulting problems since their effectiveness has plummeted. Leightner also shows that the solution to the current global economic woes is a consumption driven growth model (which China advocates but has yet to fully implement) because when there is insufficient consumption, excess savings will remain idle, seek a return from rent or deception, or fund speculative bubbles.

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NEGOTIATION EXCELLENCE: SUCCESSFUL DEAL MAKING (2ND EDITION)

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Negotiation Excellence: Successful Deal Making is written by leading negotiation experts from top-rated universities in the US and in Asia and its objective is to introduce readers to the theory and best practices of effective negotiation. The book includes chapters ranging from: preparing and planning for successful negotiations; building relationships and establishing trust between negotiators; negotiating creatively to create mutual value and win-win situations; understanding and dealing with negotiators from different cultures; to managing ethical dilemmas.In addition to emphasizing the link between theory and practice, the book includes deal examples such as: Renault-Nissan alliance; mega-merger between Arcelor and Mittal Steel; Kraft Foods' acquisition of Cadbury PLC, Walt Disney Company's negotiation with the Hong Kong government; and Komatsu, a Japanese firm's negotiation with Dresser, an American firm.Following the success of the first edition, the second edition re-emphasizes the spirit of linking theory to practice with two new chapters on emotions in negotiation and the Indian negotiation style.

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TOPOGRAPHY OF POLITICS IN RURAL CHINA: THE STORY OF XIAOCUN

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Contemporary Chinese rural life is placed in sharp theoretical and practical focus in this book. State-of-the-art techniques and perspectives are combined to take the reader into Xiaocun, a small village on the east bank of the Dianchi Lake in Kunming City.In 2003, the author published the book Crime and Punishment: The Story of Xiaocun (1931-1997), which dealt with disputes, mediation and punishment in the village following the legal anthropology tradition. At that time, neither the villagers nor the author foresaw the vast changes that were to appear a few years later. Their main economic activity then was growing vegetables and flowers; urbanisation was tsunami-like in its speed and impact. Land requisition for urban development was so swift that five years later, in 2008, there was no farmland left. Instead, there were many landmark real estate and development projects. Xiaocun has become the centre of an enlarged Kunming City. Observers, including the Xiaocun residents, are unavoidably shocked at the changes to the physical landscape in the wake of its rapid urbanisation.This book, Topography of Politics in Rural China: The Story of Xiaocun, reports the author's revisits to the village starting in early 2007. In the past few years of research on this village, the author deeply felt that the problems that make people passionate are fully exposed through issues surrounding land and housing. Well written in narrative, this book tells the story of Xiaocun in this new century from the perspective of topography, exploring the peasantry and its relations to the state in more fundamental terms.