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The properties of 72 of the most commonly used solvents are given, tabulated in the most convenient way, making this book a joy for industrial chemists to use as a desk reference. The properties covered are those which answer the basic questions of: Will it do the job? Will it harm the user? Will it pollute the air? Is it easy to handle? Will it pollute the water? Can it be recovered or incinerated? These are all factors that need to be considered at the early stages of choosing a solvent for a new product or process.

A collection of the physical properties of most commonly used solvents, their behaviour in the environment and their health and fire hazardsA collection of the physical properties of most commonly used solvents, their behaviour in the environment and their health and fire hazards

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This volume is a compilation of data on the properties of glasses. The authors have critically examined and correlated the most reliable data on the properties of multicomponent commercial silicate glasses, vitreous silica, and binary and ternary laboratory glasses. Thermodynamic, thermal, mechanical, electrical, and transport properties are covered. Measurement methods and appropriate theories are also discussed.

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The Society of Environmental Geochemistry and Health (SEGH) Third International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects was held from July 12-15, 1998 in San Diego, California. Several outstanding papers and posters generated lively discussion and debate not only about scientific issues but also about policy and regulatory issues.
While developed countries are considering spending perhaps billions of dollars per year to reach concentrations of 10 micrograms per liter or less, countries like Bangladesh, India and China are trying to deal with much more severe, epidemic scale, arsenic problems with millions of dollars or less.
Like its predecessors in 1994 and 1995, The Third SEGH International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects (1998) continued the theme of global impact of arsenic. In addition, two new countries with significant arsenic problems, Inner Mongolia and Bangladesh, were represented. The Bangladesh problem could be larger than the one in West Bengal with a possible two-thirds of the population at risk. The conference also featured a session on mechanisms of cancer carcinogenesis. Several scientists presented their work on this important issue which is central to considerations of such questions as the shape of the dose-response curve at low doses. This latter issue was featured in the final session of the conference. Another session that was new and of great interest was on the treatment of victims of chronic arsenic poisoning.
This was the most dynamic conference to date and this resulting monograph represents the state-of-the-art in arsenic research on a worldwide basis. It will contribute to the solution of the many problems caused by arsenic exposure throughout the world.

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W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon

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`Metal-Matrix Composites' are being used or considered for use in a variety of applications in the automotive, aerospace and sporting goods industries.  This book contains sixteen chapters, all written by leading experts in the filed, which focus on the processing, microstructure and characterization, mechanics and micromechanics of deformation, mechanics and micromechanics of damage and fracture, and practical applications of a wide variety of metal composites.A particularly noteworthy feature of this authoritative volume is its collection of state-of-the-art reviews of the relationships among processing, microstructural evolution, micromechanics of deformation and overall mechanical response.

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Architectural Acoustics offers a comprehensive overview of acoustical science at a level suitable for either advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate courses in architectural design and architectural engineering. The text is organized according to how sound interacts with built structures, going from simple geometries through complex building structures. The book begins with a brief but useful history of architecture and the role of acoustics, as well as overview of human perception of, sound, and then progresses through topics ranging from acoustic measurement, noise metrics and environmental noise, to sound in enclosed spaces, sound transmission in buildings, vibration and vibration isolation, and noise in mechanical systems.

Architectural Acoustics also includes more advanced chapters on specific design problems, including treatment of multifamily dwellings, office buildings, sound reinforcement systems, rooms for music, multipurpose rooms, auditoriums, sanctuaries, and studios and listening rooms. Also covered is the theory loudspeaker systems and sound system modeling as well as in-depth presentation of computer modeling, ray tracing and auralization.

* Comprehensive guide to the basics of acoustical science and its applications to architectural design.
* Author is renowned expert engaged in acoustical engineering for 20 years
* Covers the latest environmental regulations and health and safety research related to sound inside and outside of buildings.

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There are three types of rockigneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. Sedimentary rocks form from the weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of older rocks. Applied Sedimentology describes the formation, transportation and deposition of sediment, and the post-depositional processes that change soft sediment into sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks include sandstones, limestones and mudstones. All the world's coal, most of its water and fossil fuels, and many mineral deposits occur in sedimentary rocks. Applied Sedimentology shows how the study of sediments aids the exploration for and exploitation of natural resources, including water, ores and hydrocarbons.

* Completely revised edition; Like its precursor, it describes sediments from sand grains to sedimentary basins; Features up-to date account and critique of sequence and cyclostratigraphy * Extensively illustrated with photos and remotely sensed sea bed images describing sedimentary processes, products and depositional systems; Color plates illustrate sediment textures, lithologies, pore types, diagenetic textures, and carbonate and clastic sequence stratigraphic models* Emphasises the applications of sedimentology to the exploration for and exploitation of natural resources, including water, ores and hydrocarbons* Extensive references and up-to-date bibliography for further study

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This book delineates practical, tested, general methods for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrometry in clear language for novice users, and serves as a reference resource for advanced spectroscopists. Applied Spectroscopy includes important information and equations which will be referred to regularly. The book emphasizes reflectance and color measurements due to their common usage in todays spectroscopic laboratories, and contains methods for selectinga measurement technique as well as solar and color measurements. Written by experts in the field, this text covers spectrometry of new materials, ceramics, and textiles, and provides an appendix of practical reference data for spectrometry. Book topics include: Practical aspects of spectrometers and spectrometry; Sample preparation; Chemometrics and calibration practices; Reflectance measurements; Standard materials measurements An emphasis is placed on reflectance and color measurements due to their common usage in today's spectroscopic laboratories Methods for selecting a measurement technique are included as well as solar measurements and reference information on sources, detectors, optical fiber and window materials

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Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose notation language for specifying and visualizing complex software, especially large, object-oriented projects. Object-oriented programming is when a programmer defines not only the data type of a data structure, but also the types of operations/functions that can be applied to the data structure. Applying UML addresses the practical issues faced by users in adopting UML. As the title suggests, it helps the reader in actually applying UML to real life situations, rather than just in learning the language. The book covers in depth detail of UML, including notation on profiles and extensions. The scope of the book assumes prior experience in software engineering and/or business modeling, an understanding of object-oriented concepts and a basic knowledge of UML.

* Case study driven approach covering a wide range of issues* Contains advanced tutorial material to aid learning* Focuses on practical issues in the application of UML

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Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants: Volume 1

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This expanded edition introduces new design methods and is packed with examples, design charts, tables, and performance diagrams to add to the practical understanding of how selected equipment can be expected to perform in the process situation. A major addition is the comprehensive chapter on process safety design considerations, ranging from new devices and components to updated venting requirements for low-pressure storage tanks to the latest NFPA methods for sizing rupture disks and bursting panels, and more.

*Completely revised and updated throughout

*The definative guide for process engineers and designers

*Covers a complete range of basic day-to-day operation topics

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Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants: Volume 2

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This latest edition covers the technical performance and mechanical details of converting the chemical and petrochemical process into appropriate hardware for distillation and packed towers. It incorporates recent advances and major innovations in distillation contacting devices and features new generations of packing. In addition, this new edition reflects the significant progress that has been made in process design techniques in recent years.
Volume 2's example calculation techniques guide in the preparation of preliminary and final rating designs. In some instances, the book includes manufacturers' procedures and notes clearly indicate when manufacturers should verify results.

Covers distillation and packed towers, and contains material on azeotropes and ideal and non-ideal systems
Includes important findings from recent literature to illustrate alternate design methods
New illustrations and rating charts

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The 75th Anniversary Celebration of the Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering of the American Chemical Society, in 1999 sparked this third edition of Applied Polymer Science with emphasis on the developments of the last few years and a serious look at the challenges and expectations of the 21st Century.
This book is divided into six sections, each with an Associate Editor responsible for the contents with the group of Associate Editors acting as a board to interweave and interconnect various topics and to insure complete coverage. These areas represent both traditional areas and emerging areas, but always with coverage that is timely. The areas and associated chapters represent vistas where PMSE and its members have made and are continuing to make vital contributions. The authors are leaders in their fields and have graciously donated their efforts to encourage the scientists of the next 75 years to further contribute to the well being of the society in which we all live.
Synthesis, characterization, and application are three of the legs that hold up a steady table. The fourth is creativity. Each of the three strong legs are present in this book with creativity present as the authors were asked to look forward in predicting areas in need of work and potential applications. The book begins with an introductory history chapter introducing readers to PMSE. The second chapter introduces the very basic science, terms and concepts critical to polymer science and technology. Sections two, three and four focus on application areas emphasizing emerging trends and applications. Section five emphasizes the essential areas of characterization. Section six contains chapters focusing of the synthesis of the materials.

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Fracture mechanics is an interdisciplinary subject that predicts the conditions under which materials fail due to crack growth. It spans several fields of interest including: mechanical, civil, and materials engineering, applied mathematics and physics. This book provides detailed coverage of the subject not commonly found in other texts.Analytical Fracture Mechanics contains the first analytical continuation of both stress and displacement across a finite-dimensional, elastic-plastic boundary of a mode I crack problem. The book provides a transition model of crack tip plasticitythat has important implications regarding failure bounds for the mode III fracture assessment diagram. It also presents an analytical solution to a true moving boundary value problem for environmentally assisted crack growth and a decohesion model of hydrogen embrittlement that exhibits all three stages of steady-state crack propagation.The text will be of great interest to professors, graduate students, and other researchers of theoretical and applied mechanics, and engineering mechanics and science. Presents the only analytical proven solution technique amenable to the second-order nonlinear partial differential equation governing a mode I elastoplastic crack problem Places emphasis on the near crack tip partial differential equations governing plasticity and process zone theory in environmental cracking phenomena Provides fundamental solutions of linear elastic fracture mechanics Explains how transport-controlled stage II environmental crack growth can be mapped onto the classic Stefan problem Predicts failure curves on fracture assessment diagram for mode III crack problem as transition occurs from plastic strip to finite-dimensional plastic zone Gives a summary of pertinent equations of linear elasticity and plasticity

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This volume is devoted to the consideration of the use use of surface, thin film and interface characterization tools in support of silicon-based semiconductor processing. The approach taken is to consider each of the types of films used in silicon devices individually in its own chapter and to discuss typical problems seen throughout that films' history, including characterization tools which are most effectively used to clarifying and solving those problems.

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This book provides the basis for calculations of composite structures, using continuum mechanics to facilitate the treatment of more elaborate theories. A composite structure combines traditional materials (such as concrete) with new materials (such as high performance fibres) to explore and develop new structures.The author deals with individual layers in laminate composites, discussing the basic laws that govern mixtures.

Recommended for both student and professional use A systematic, compact presentation in a single volume Covers the governing equations of composite beams, plates and structures

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Analogue and Digital Communication Techniques

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The rapid expansion of digital communications, particularly in the fields of TV and mobile telephones does not overide the need for a clear understanding of analogue frequencies. Moreover, analogue technology will play an important role in communications well into the 21st century.Covering the principles behind analogue and digital communication systems, this book takes a less mathematical approach than is often found at this level. It begins with basic principles such as information systems, data compression and error detection before moving on to more advanced topics such as Pulse Code Modulation systems and digital microwave systems. Data protocols are also given so that the reader can gain a good understanding of more complex communication systems. 'Analogue and Digital Communication Techniques' has been designed for students studying HND electronic communication courses but will also be useful to junior undergraduates on similar courses. Some knowledge of basic elctronics is assumed.

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Alternative Mathematical Theory of Non-equilibrium Phenomena

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Alternative Mathematical Theory of Non-equilibrium Phenomena presents an entirely new theoretical approach to complex non-equilibrium phenomena, especially Gibbs/Falk thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. This innovative new theory allows for inclusion of all state variables and introduces a new vector-dissipation velocity-which leads to useful restatements of momentum, the Second Law, and tensors for the laws of motion, friction, and heat conduction. This application-oriented text is relatively self-contained and is an excellent guide-book for engineers with a strong interest in fundamentals, or for professionals using applied mathematics and physics in engineering applications.

This book emphasizes macroscopic phenomena, focusing specifically on gaseous states, though relations to liquid and crystalline states are also considered. The author presents a new Alternative Continuum Theory of Compressible Fluids (AT) which providesa qualitative description of the subject in predominantly physical terms, minimizing the mathematical premises. The methodology discussed has applications in a wide range of fields outside of physics in areas including General System Theory, TheoreticalEconomics, and Biophysics and Medicine.
Presents the first theory capable of handling non-equilibria phenomena Offers a unified theory of all branches of macroscopic physics Considers a consistent and uniform view of reality, supported by modern mathematics, leading to results different than those produced by classical theories Results in a change of paradigms in physics, engineering, and natural philosophy

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Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives

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Acronycine, a potent antitumor agent, was discovered in the bark of the small Australian Rutaceous tree, Acronychia baueri Schott. This new work presents a comprehensive survey of the isolation, structure determination, methods of synthesis, and the biological properties of acronycine, as well as an account of natural and synthetic analogues of acronycine, and their biological properties.Solanum alkaloids were reviewed in 1990 and this book surveys the new developments (isolation procedures, structural elucidation methods) and critically updates earlier reviews. In addition it presents the interesting chemistry and synthesis of cyclopeptide alkaloids. These cyclopeptide alkaloids have been isolated from ascidians, sea hares, and cyanobacteria. Also included are reviews of the use of the functionalized lactam, pyroglutamic acid, as a chiral template for the synthesis of alkaloids. The second review examines the on-line coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of alkaloid mixtures. Finally a review of oxygenated analogs of the alkaloid Marcfortine for their potent antiparasitic activity is included at the end of this work. Each chapter in this volume has been reviewed by at least one expert in the field. Indexes for both subjects and organisms are provided.

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Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives

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Volume 14 of this series presents three interesting reviews of research on alkaloids. Chapter 1, by Paul L. Schiff, Jr., is a monumental effort, presenting a selective, comprehensive tabular review of research on the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, with an analysis of the respective alkaloid types. The chapter should serve as a very useful tool for the bench research scientist who is involved in the isolation and elucidation of structures of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Moreover, the data in these tables provides the botanical distribution and occurrence (family, genus, species) of the various classes of these alkaloids. The alkaloids are also categorized by their molecular weights and structural types.

Chapter 2, by Toh-Seok Kam, is a review of alkaloids derived from Malaysian flora. Malaysia's position near the Equator confers on it a tropical climate characterized by high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall, conditions favorable for plant life that has resulted in a rich flora of about 15,000 species of higher plants. This review concentrates on work published during the past twenty years and where appropriate compares the occurrence of alkaloids with studies of similar plants from countries neighboring to Malaysia, especially Thailand and Indonesia.

Chapter 3, by Jie Jack Li, presents a collection of very interesting total syntheses of naturally occurring indole alkaloids where palladium chemistry plays a central role in the syntheses. Five different types of palladium-mediated reactions are treated: (1) oxidative cyclization reactions promoted by palladium (II) species; (2) transmetallation reactions with organoboranes, organostannanes, and organozinc reagents; (3) inter- and intramolecular Heck reactions; (4) reactions with &pgr;-allylpalladium as the intermediate; and (5) reactions using C-N bond formation as the key step for the synthesis.

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Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives

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Volume 13 of this series presents five timely reviews of research on alkaloids such as new developments in the chemistry and biology of alkaloids from amphibian skins. It provides a synopsis and tabulation of the hundreds of alkaloids that have been detected, with an emphasis on occurrence, structure, dietary origins, and biological activity. Alkaloids containing the 1, 2, 3, 3a, 8, 8a - hexahydropyrrolo [2,3b] indole ring system and the cyclotryptamines are discussed. An exhaustive list of available structures is provided. The chemical and biological structures have been evaluated critically so as to identify existing errors and expose irregularities in appearance or biological function. In addition, attention is drawn to the possible implications of the accumulated knowledge related to the synthesis, occurrence, and biochemistry of this class of alkaloids.Recent work on alkaloids containing the comparatively non  basic pyrrole ring system is summarized. One of the chapters covers isolation, structure elucidation, biological activity, and selected chemical syntheses of certain pyrrole alkaloids.Recent developments in the chemistry of diterpenoid and norditerpenoid alkaloids occurring in Aconitum, Delphinium and Consolida genera of the Ranunculaceae family used in Chinese and Indian medicine are surveyed and the book ends with a focus on transition metal  catalyzed carbonylations as efficient and novel approaches to the construction of piperidine, izidine and quinazoline alkaloids, which occur in great numbers in nature.

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Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives

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Volume 11 of this series presents five timely reviews on current research on alkaloids. Chapter 1 by Paul L. Schiff, Jr. is a monumental survey of research that has been carried out over the past decade on the Thalictrum alkaloids. Forty-six new alkaloids are described from fifteen species of the genus Thalictrum, as well as 116 alkaloids of known structure from thirty-six species and subspecies of the genus. The chapter includes discussions of isolation and structure elucidation, analysis, biosynthesis, cell culture, and pharmacology. Also featured are inclusive compilations of botanical sources, alkaloids by alkaloid types, and calculated molecular weights of the Thalictrum alkaloids.

Chapter 2 by Giovanni Appendino provides a fascinating treatment of Taxine, a collective name referring to a mixture of diterpenoid alkaloids from the yew tree (genus: Taxus). Taxine is responsible for the toxic properties of the yew tree that has been documented in historical and fictional literature, from Julius Caesar to Shakespeare, and from Agatha Christie to T.S. Eliot. The chapter treats the history, isolation techniques, structure elucidation, chemistry, and pharmacology of Taxine.

Chapter 3 by Mary D. Menachery surveys the alkaloids of South American Menispermaceae (moonseed family). Many different structural types are included in this family. The alkaloid-bearing plants are woody-vines, shrubs, or small trees. Several of these species possess potent curare activity. The chemistry as well as pharmacology of these alkaloids is summarized.

Chapter 4 by Russell J. Molyneux, Robert J. Nash, and Naoki Asano treats the chemistry and biological activity of the calystegines and related nortropane alkaloids. These polyhydroxylated bicyclic alkaloids represent another class of compounds that inhibit glycosidases, producing profound effects in biological systems by disrupting the essential cellular function of glycoprotein processing.

Chapter 5, a related chapter by Robert J. Nash, Naoki Asano, and Alison A. Watson, reviews polyhydroxylated alkaloids that inhibit glycosidases. Topics covered include distribution, ecological significance and toxicity, isolation, synthesis, and biosynthesis.