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Some of the most original and productive research specialists in the field of particle-fluid flow systems are assembled in this book, which is an important and current reference volume. The book focuses on methods of measurement and options for engineers

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Developments in Surface Contamination and Cleaning

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Surface contamination is of cardinal importance in a host of technologies and industries, ranging from microelectronics to optics to automotive to biomedical. Thus, the need to understand the causes of surface contamination and their removal is very patent. Generally speaking, there are two broad categories of surface contaminants: film-type and particulates. In the world of shrinking dimensions, such as the ever-decreasing size of microelectronic devices, there is an intensified need to understand the behavior of nanoscale particles and to devise ways to remove them to an acceptable level. Particles which were functionally innocuous a few years ago are okiller defectso today, with serious implications for yield and reliability of the components. This book addresses the sources, detection, characterization and removal of both kinds of contaminants, as well as ways to prevent surfaces from being contaminated. A number of techniques to monitor the level of cleanliness are also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the behaviour of nanoscale particles. The book is amply referenced and profusely illustrated.

Excellent reference for a host of technologies and industries ranging from microelectronics to optics to automotive to biomedical.

A single source document addressing everything from the sources of contamination to their removal and prevention.

Amply referenced and profusely illustrated.

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Handbook of Thin Film Deposition Processes and Techniques

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New second edition of the popular book on deposition (first edition by Klaus Schruegraf) for engineers, technicians, and plant personnel in the semiconductor and related industries. This book traces the technology behind the spectacular growth in the silicon semiconductor industry and the continued trend in miniaturization over the last 20 years. This growth has been fueled in large part by improved thin film deposition techniques and the development of highly specialized equipment to enable this deposition. The book includes much cutting-edge material. Entirely new chapters on contamination and contamination control describe the basics and the issuesas feature sizes shrink to sub-micron dimensions, cleanliness and particle elimination has to keep pace. A new chapter on metrology explains the growth of sophisticated, automatic tools capable of measuring thickness and spacing of sub-micron dimensions. The book also covers PVD, laser and e-beam assisted deposition, MBE, and ion beam methods to bring together all the physical vapor deposition techniques.Two entirely new areas receive full treatment: chemical mechanical polishing which helps attain the flatness that is required by modern lithography methods, and new materials used for interconnect dielectric materials, specifically organic polyimide materials.

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Electrical Safety in Flammable Gas/Vapor Laden Atmospheres

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This book provides comprehensive coverage of electrical system installation within areas where flammable gases and liquids are handled and processed. The accurate hazard evaluation of flammability risks associated with chemical and petrochemical locations is critical in determining the point at which the costs of electrical equipment and installation are balanced with explosion safety requirements. The book offers the most current code requirements along with tables and illustrations as analytic tools. Environmental characteristics are covered in Section 1 along with recommended electrical installation and safety recommendations. Section 2 treats a number of application illustrations in detail. Section 3 presents examples for the application of classifying NEC Class 1 locations.

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International Resources Guide to Hazardous Chemicals

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This book is a direct companion to Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens in that the hazardous chemicals listed in Sittig's Handbook are the source for this guide. With more than 7,500 entries highlighting chemical producers worldwide, this international directory is a source of complete contact information for manufacturers, agencies, organizations, and useful sources of information regarding hazardous chemicals.

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The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology

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The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology is a concise review of the developments that have led to the wide variety of applications of this technology. This book is a must have for materials scientists and engineers working with vacuum coating in the invention of new technologies or applications in all industries. With over 370 references, this is an excellent starting point for those who don't want to reinvent the wheel. In particular, the book is a valuable reference for those interested in researching proposed or existing patents. This unique book provides a starting point for more in-depth surveys of past and recent work in all aspects of vacuum coating. The author uses his extensive knowledge of the subject to draw comparisons and place the information into the proper context. This is particularly important for the patent literature where the terminology does not always match industry jargon. A section of acronyms for vacuum coating and glossary of terms at the end of the book are critical additions to the information every reader needs.

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This edited work presents a unique and authoritative look at morality - its development within the individual, its evolution within society, and its place within the law. The contributors represent some of the foremost authorities in these fields, and the book represents a collection of essays presented at a symposium on social constructivism and morality.

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The Handbook of Ellipsometry is a critical foundation text on an increasingly critical subject. Ellipsometry, a measurement technique based on phase and amplitude changes in polarized light, is becoming popular in a widening array of applications because of increasing miniaturization of integrated circuits and breakthroughs in knowledge of biological macromolecules deriving from DNA and protein surface research. Ellipsometry does not contact or damage samples, and is an ideal measurement technique for determining optical and physical properties of materials at the nano scale. With the acceleration of new instruments and applications now occurring, this book provides an essential foundation for the current science and technology of ellipsometry for scientists and engineers in industry and academia at the forefront of nanotechnology developments in instrumentation, integrated circuits, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals. Divided into four parts, this comprehensive handbook covers the theory of ellipsometry, instrumentation, applications, and emerging areas. Experts in the field contributed to its twelve chapters, covering various aspects of ellipsometry.

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Current Topics in Membranes and Transport

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Current Topics in Membranes and Transport

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Felix Bronner, Arnost Kleinzeller, R.L. Juliano, Aser Rothstein

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This industry standard encyclopedia on pharmaceutical manufacturing processes has been completely updated to include FDA drugs approved up to the summer of 2004. The encyclopedia gives details for the manufacture of 2226 pharmaceuticals that are being marketed as a trade-named product somewhere in the world. Each entry includes:o Therapeutic function o Chemical and common nameo Structural Formulao Chemical Abstracts Registry no.o Trade name, manufacturer, country, and year introducedo Raw Materialso Manufacturing ProcessIn addition, references are also cited under each drug's entry to major pharmaceutical works where additional information can be obtained on synthesis and the pharmacology of the individual products.

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William Andrew William Andrew Publishing

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Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens

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For more than a quarter century, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens has proven to be among the most reliable, easy-to-use and essential reference works on hazardous materials. Sittig's 5th Edition remains the lone comprehensive work providing a vast array of critical information on the 2,100 most heavily used, transported, and regulated chemical substances of both occupational and environmental concern.Information is the most vital resource anyone can have when dealing with potential hazardous substance accidents or acts of terror. Sittig's provides extensive data for each of the 2,100 chemicals in a uniform format, enabling fast and accurate decisions in any situation. The chemicals are presented alphabetically and classified as a carcinogen, hazardous substance, hazardous waste, or toxic pollutant. This new edition contains extensively expanded information in all 28 fields for each chemical (see table of contents) and has been updated to keep pace with world events. Chemicals classified as WMD have been included in the new edition as has more information frequently queried by first responders and frontline industrial safety personnel.

*Includes and references European chemical identifiers and regulations.*The only single source reference that provides such in-depth information for each chemical.*The two volume set is designed for fast and accurate decision making in any situation.

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Principles, Process Design and Equipment

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This is a well-rounded handbook of fermentation and biochemical engineering presenting techniques for the commercial production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals via fermentation. Emphasis is given to unit operations fermentation, separation, purification, and recovery. Principles, process design, and equipment are detailed. Environment aspects are covered.

The practical aspects of development, design, and operation are stressed. Theory is included to provide the necessary insight for a particular operation. Problems addressed are the collection of pilot data, choice of scale-up parameters, selection of the right piece of equipment, pinpointing of likely trouble spots, and methods of troubleshooting.

The text, written from a practical and operating viewpoint, will assist development, design, engineering and production personnel in the fermentation industry. Contributors were selected based on their industrial background and orientation. The book is illustrated with numerous figures, photographs and schematic diagrams.

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Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals

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Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals is specifically designed for use by those engaged in the agricultural and food processing industries, both vital to our nation's health and economy. People in every phase of food production, from the farm to the fork, will find a wealth of material here. It will also be of interest to professionals in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and personal care industries who use agricultural products as ingredients. It provides crop, chemical, regulatory, health and safety information on nearly 800 pesticides, fertilizers, and other agricultural chemicals. These chemicals are organized withg unique identifiers so that all who may have contact with or interest in them can find critical information quickly.

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Handbook of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processing

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This book covers all aspects of physical vapor deposition (PVD) process technology from the characterizing and preparing the substrate material, through deposition processing and film characterization, to post-deposition processing. The emphasis of the book is on the aspects of the process flow that are critical to economical deposition of films that can meet the required performance specifications. The book covers subjects seldom treated in the literature: substrate characterization, adhesion, cleaning and the processing. The book also covers the widely discussed subjects of vacuum technology and the fundamentals of individual deposition processes. However, the author uniquely relates these topics to the practical issues that arise in PVD processing, such as contamination control and film growth effects, which are also rarely discussed in the literature. In bringing these subjects together in one book, the reader can understand the interrelationship between various aspects of the film deposition processing and the resulting film properties. The author draws upon his long experience with developing PVD processes and troubleshooting the processes in the manufacturing environment, to provide useful hints for not only avoiding problems, but also for solving problems when they arise. He uses actual experiences, called ""war stories"", to emphasize certain points. Special formatting of the text allows a reader who is already knowledgeable in the subject to scan through a section and find discussions that are of particular interest. The author has tried to make the subject index as useful as possible so that the reader can rapidly go to sections of particular interest. Extensive references allow the reader to pursue subjects in greater detail if desired.The book is intended to be both an introduction for those who are new to the field and a valuable resource to those already in the field. The discussion of transferring technology between R&D and manufacturing provided in Appendix 1, will be of special interest to the manager or engineer responsible for moving a PVD product and process from R&D into production. Appendix 2 has an extensive listing of periodical publications and professional societies that relate to PVD processing. The extensive Glossary of Terms and Acronyms provided in Appendix 3 will be of particular use to students and to those not fully conversant with the terminology of PVD processing or with the English language.

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Cosmetic and Toiletry Formulations, Vol. 8

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This book contains hundreds of cosmetic and toiletry formulations based on information received from numerous industrial companies and other organizations. Each formulation is indentified by a description of end use. The formulations contains a listing of each raw material, processing procedure, and source of the formula.

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Current Topics in Membranes and Transport

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Current Topics in Membranes and Transport

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Current Topics in Membranes and Transport

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Current Topics in Membranes and Transport

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Advanced Cleaning Product Formulations, Vol. 5

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This book (Volume 5) presents several hundred advanced cleaning product formulations for household, industrial and automotive applications. All formulations are completely different from those in other volumes, so there is no repetition between volumes.

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Safety and Security Review for the Process Industries

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Application of HAZOP, PHA and What-If Reviews

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This book describes the application of major safety reviews used in the process industries (principally petroleum, petrochemical, chemical industries, nuclear installations, utility systems, and medical facilities). It provides guidance on qualitative hazard analyses, specifically for PHA (Preliminary Hazard Analysis), What-If, and HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) for review teams. OSHA and EPA as well as national governments all over the world, require industry to conduct these reviews to help prevent major catastrophic fire, explosions and oil spillages.In 2007, the Department of Homeland Security in the United States issued new standards with regard to the security of chemical facilities. This new edition documents how the methodology and procedures used for the hazard reviews can be adopted and applied for Security Vulnerability Analysis (SVA).

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Cleanup of Chemical and Explosive Munitions

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Locating, Identifying the contaminants, and Planning for Environmental Cleanup of Land and Sea Military Ranges and Dumpsites

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Unexploded military ordnance and toxic chemicals, some dating back to World War I, are a worldwide concern, especially at closed military bases that will be redeveloped for housing or civilian use. In Europe and Asia, many munitions sites are former battlegrounds; in Russia and its former territories, sites are used for storage and waste disposal. Experts estimate that the United States alone could spend between $50 and 250 billion dollars to cleanup these sites, many of which are in high-population density, residential areas. You might live near one such site right now. This book gives detailed instructions for cleaning up military ordnance sites, and lists of explosives, chemical warfare materials and breakdown products that the soil and groundwater must be tested for. Also included are archival studies; remote sensing techniques; geophysical techniques; safety issues; a chemical weapons, explosives and ordnance primer; known and unknown range lists; and a case study of documents written for cleaning up one of the worst examples yet: Spring Valley in the District of Columbia. It disproves myths, common misconceptions and lies, and explains what, how, and where to look for munitions and their residual contamination.

* Author is an award winning and world-renowned expert in weapons of mass destruction.* Meets the needs of explosive and ordnance demolition personnel, as well as environmental scientists, insurance agents, and building contractors.* Includes the primary documents written (by the author) for the cleanup of one of the worst sites in the United States (Spring Valley, District of Columbia).* Subject of the book is of worldwide concern with former battlegrounds in Europe and Asia, as well as storage and waste disposal sites in Russia and former Soviet territories.* The only text available with clear and complete instructions on proper cleanup of military ordnance sites including a detailed list of explosives, chemical warfare material and breakdown products.