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Advances in Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry V7

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Advances in Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Volume 7, presents four papers that illustrate a logical progression from evolutionary and genetic aspects of the biochemistry of a family of enzymes to the biochemical. The first study deals with the comparative biochemistry, physiology, and genetics of animal a-amylases.  The second study examines the biochemistry of intercellular recognition, which is a component of so many biological phenomena. It covers the evolution of intercellular recognition processes; primitive sex mechanisms as precursors of intercellular recognition; conjugation in single-celled eukaryotes; fertilization in metazoans; cell aggregation as a developmental event in cellular slime molds; aggregation of dissociated sponge cells; and contact cellular interactions during embryonic development.  The third paper explores the role of amino acids in neurotransmission. The final paper on the biochemical and biophysical aspects of the complex range of functions of the swimbladder in fishes establishes a link with the higher categories of organismal interaction in the fields of behavior and ecology.

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Control and Dynamic Systems V34: Advances in Control Mechanics Part 1 of 2

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Control and Dynamic Systems: Advances in Theory and Applications, Volume 34: Advances in Control Mechanics, Part 1 of 2 presents the fundamental aspects of mechanical systems control theory. This book deals with microburst, a severe meteorological condition significant to aircraft control.  Organized into seven chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the problem of stable control of an aircraft subjected to windshear caused by microburst. This text then examines the results concerning control of an aircraft under windshear conditions. Other chapters consider the robust control problem using the variable structure control method. This book discusses as well the problem of finding zeros of a nonlinear vector function by using methods of dynamical systems analysis. The final chapter deals with the role of singularities and their effect on the global trait of dynamical systems.  This book is a valuable resource for mechanical and materials engineers. Research workers and students will also find this book useful.

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The Retinoids, Volume 1 covers the chemistry and biology of retinoids, with an emphasis on the role of retinoids in nutrition and in vision.  After briefly discussing the discovery and nomenclature of retinoids, this six-chapter volume describes the chemical and physical properties of natural and synthetic retinoids, as well as the retinoidal benzoic acid derivatives. The book goes on describing various reactions with radioisotopes for the synthesis of retinoids and related compounds. Considerable chapters explain the chemical, physical, and biological methodologies for separating and measuring retinoids. A discussion on the relationships between structure and activity of retinoids is included. The last chapter addresses the role of vitamin A in animal and human nutrition. This volume also discusses the metabolism of vitamin A in normal and disease states, as well as its interaction with hormones, micronutrients, drugs, and alcohol.  This volume is an ideal source for nutritionists, clinicians, and researchers who are interested in the progressing field of retinoid research.

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Control and Dynamic Systems V39: Advances in Robotic Systems Part 1 of 2

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Advances in Robotic Systems, Part 1 shows how the activity in robotic systems has increased significantly over the past decade. Major centers of research and development in robotic systems were established on the international scene, and these became focal points for the brilliant research efforts of many academicians and industrial professionals. The systems aspects of robotics, in general, and of robot control, in particular, are manifested through a number of technical facts.  This book comprises 10 chapters, with the first focusing on applications of neural networks to robotics. The following chapters then discuss a unified approach to kinematic modeling, identification and compensation for robot calibration; nonlinear control algorithms in robotic systems; and kinematic and dynamic task space motion planning for robot control. Other chapters cover discrete kinematic modeling techniques in Cartesian space for robotic system; force distribution algorithms for multifingered grippers; frequency analysis for a discrete-time robot system; minimum cost trajectory planning for industrial robots; tactile sensing techniques in robotic systems; and sensor data fusion in robotic systems.  This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of computer science, systems science, and mathematics.

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Control and Dynamic Systems V38: Advances in Aeronautical Systems

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Advances in Aeronautical Systems shows that real-time simulation of aeronautical systems is fundamental in the analysis, design, and testing of today's increasingly complex aeronautical systems. Perhaps more important is the fact that simulation, including 3-D vision and motion simulation techniques, is an essential element in pilot training for both commercial and military aircraft. An essential characteristic of all modern aeronautical systems is their avionics system, which is composed of many elements, in particular sensor systems.  This book comprises eight chapters, with the first focusing on aircraft automatic flight control system with model inversion. The following chapters then discuss information systems for supporting design of complex human-machine systems and formulation of a minimum variance deconvolution technique for compensation of pneumatic distortion in pressure-sensing devices. Other chapters cover synthesis and validation of feedback guidance laws for air-to-air interceptions; multistep matrix integrators for real-time simulation; the role of image interpretation in tracking and guidance; continuous time parameter estimation: analysis via a limiting ordinary differential equation; and in-flight alignment of inertial navigation systems.  This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of engineering and aeronautics.

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Control and Dynamic Systems: Advances in Theory and Applications, Volume 13 discusses the techniques of control and dynamic systems and their applications to modern complex systems.    This book begins by discussing the application of modern optimal theory in the operation of large scale power systems. It then describes how to synthesize suspension forces for high-speed tracked vehicles. The succeeding chapters present examples of economizing problems; application of optimization techniques to aerospace vehicle problems; distributed parameter optimal design problem under dynamic loads; optimization of spacecraft; and stability problems in interconnected systems.  Engineering students studying the application of control and dynamics to modern complex systems will find this book very useful.

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Control and Dynamic Systems: Advances in Theory and Application, Volume 17 deals with the theory of differential games and its applications. It provides a unique presentation of the differential game theory as well as the use of algorithms for solving this complex class problems.  This book discusses fundamental concepts and system problem formulation for differential game systems. It also considers pursuit-evasion games and on-line real time computer control techniques.   This book will serve as a useful reference for those interested in effective computations for differential games.

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The Gunn-Hilsum Effect covers the physical principles controlling the operation of transferred electron devices. These devices have been proven quite useful in the generation, amplification, and processing of microwave signals well into tens of gigahertz range. Organized into seven chapters, the book focuses on the analytical and numerical approaches of the two vital aspects of device behavior for a given bulk semiconductor: boundary conditions or contacts and the local circuit environment.  The opening chapter of this book discusses the negative differential mobility (NDM) characteristics for a range of electric fields in the velocity-field relation of specific semiconductors and the response of such a sample to a charge fluctuation, leading to the growth of stationary and/or traveling high electric field domains. The next two chapters describe how the boundary conditions and the circuit control the manifestation of current instabilities in such systems and how this control can be understood in a simple manner. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the numerical and experimental investigations of comparatively long bulk samples, with an emphasis on the essential NDM semiconductor n-GaAs. These chapters also examine the production of different current-voltage relationships and instabilities by cathode contacts and the control of the oscillatory characteristics of an electrically unstable sample by different circuit conditions. Chapter 6 presents both time-independent and time-dependent computations, with the latter focusing on the small-signal impedance and stability aspects. The last chapter of this book addresses the construction and evaluation of typical short devices, describes how their oscillatory characteristics compare with the long samples studied in the first six chapters, and discusses the use of short devices as amplifiers.  This book is an ideal source for device engineers and designers wishing to apply transferred electron devices in creative ways.

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Advances in Biomedical Engineering is designed to present work of significance ranging from research to clinical and technological applications. The topics which are treated in this volume and other topics that will form the subsequent volumes of the series are selected on the basis of their relevance to more than one discipline and will have arisen in general as a result of inter- or multi-disciplinary effort.  This book comprises four chapters, with the first focusing on the biomedical applications of ultrasound. It tackles such topics as modes of action of ultrasound on living cells and tissues, changes in cell and tissue due to ultrasound, and therapeutic applications of high-intensity ultrasound. The following chapters then focus on separation of neuronal activity by waveform analysis; biomechanical characteristics of bone; and structural and mechanical aspects of connective tissue.  This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of biological engineering, physiology, and computer science.

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Control and Dynamic Systems V33: Advances in Aerospace Systems Dynamics and Control Systems Part 3 of 3

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Control and Dynamic Systems: Advances in Theory in Applications, Volume 33: Advances in Aerospace Systems Dynamics and Control Systems, Part 3 of 3 deals with significant advances in technologies which support the development of aerospace systems. It also presents several algorithms and computational techniques for complex aerospace systems.  This book first presents a survey of analytical redundancy techniques to improve turbine engine control systems. It then discusses techniques for remotely piloted vehicles; control configured vehicles (CCV) techniques; aircraft handling; pilot-vehicle dynamics; and optimal control techniques for complex aerospace structure.  This text is an excellent reference for research and professional workers in the field who want a comprehensive source of techniques with significant applied implications.

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Strategies in Cold: Natural Torpidity and Thermogenesis is a collection of review papers presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Mammalian Hibernation, held at Jasper Park Lodge, Alberta, Canada on October 3-8, 1977. The book is organized into four sections encompassing 20 chapters that cover the advances made since the 1971 symposium in the areas of molecular, biochemical, and cellular adaptations of natural torpidity and the role of the central nervous system in regulation of natural torpidity.  The opening section discusses the possible ways of generating circannual cycle in constant condition and the historical progress in understanding the mechanism of shallow, daily torpor and its distribution in various families predominantly from the marsupial, insectivore, and rodent orders. The application of simple economic models to biological systems to illustrate the principles of torpor in non-mammalian organisms and temperature regulation is also described in this text. Section II examines the central nervous structures involved in thermoregulation in hibernators and compares these data with the results of corresponding experiments in non-hibernators. Topics on the influence of serotonergic pathways in the brain on hypothalamic hormonal factor release and the maintenance and regulation of hibernation through a parasympathetic response are discussed in this section. Section III deals with the cellular and biochemical adaptations in natural torpidity, with an emphasis on the metabolic and endocrine changes in hibernation. Section IV tackles postulated mechanisms for nonshivering thermogenesis and the neurohumoral factors regulating these mechanisms in mammals exposed to short-term as well as to prolonged periods of cold. A discussion on significance and possible central mechanisms of thermoregulatory threshold deviations in the course of thermal adaptation is also provided.

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Reasoning About Actions and Plans discusses approaches to a number of the more challenging problems in reasoning about the future and forming plans of action to achieve their goals. Reasoning about actions and plans can be seen as fundamental to the development of intelligent machines that are capable of dealing effectively with real-world problems.

This book comprises 17 chapters, with the first delving into the semantics of STRIPS. The following chapters then discuss a theory of plans; formulating multiagent, dynamic-world problems in the classical planning framework; and a representation of parallel activity based on events, structure, and causality. Other chapters cover branching regular expressions and multi-agent plans; a representation of action and belief for automatic planning systems; possible worlds planning; and intractability and time-dependent planning. The remaining chapters discuss goal structure, holding periods and "clouds"; a model of plan inference that distinguishes between the beliefs of actors and observers; persistence, intention, and commitment; the context-sensitivity of belief and desire; the doxastic theory of intention; an architecture for intelligent reactive systems; and abstract reasoning as emergent from concrete activity. This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of cognition and artificial intelligence.

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Control and Dynamic Systems, Volume 22: Decentralized/Distributed Control and Dynamic Systems, Part 1 deals with advances in techniques for the analysis and synthesis of decentralized or distributed control and dynamic systems.  This book begins with a unique presentation of important results and techniques that decentralized control systems often face due to the fact that the individual systems in a collection or set of decentralized control systems are somewhat incomplete. The controllability, observability, implications, and powerful techniques for stabilization and control of decentralized systems are also discussed.  The next chapters describe the covariance equivalent realizations with application to model reductions of large-scale systems and decentralized estimation and control of one-way connected subsystems. This publication concludes with a presentation of the multivariable feedback and decentralized control that reviews fundamental results extending multivariable theory from conventional control systems to the highly challenging problems of decentralized control.  This volume is beneficial to students and researchers conducting work on decentralized or distributed control and dynamic systems.

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Control and Dynamic Systems: Advances in Theory and Application, Volume 23: Decentralized/Distributed Control and Dynamic Systems, Part 2 of 3 is a second volume of a trilogy that deals with the advances in techniques for the analysis and synthesis of decentralized or distributed control and dynamic systems. It includes chapters on techniques dealing with complex computational issues in decentralized control systems.  This book discusses the time allocation of time-critical resources of decentralized but coordinated systems. It also deals with issues of reliable or robust decentralized control systems, model reduction for large-scale systems, and linear quadratic control problem. This book ends with powerful techniques for solving problems in decentralized control systems.  Many practitioners will find this text useful because of its various complex real-world applications.

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Control and Dynamic Systems, Volume 18: Advances in Theory and Applications provides the techniques for the analysis and synthesis of large-scale complex systems.  This book begins with a comprehensive treatment of component cost analysis of large-scale systems, including cost balancing methods for system design, failure mode analysis, model reduction techniques, and design of lower-order controllers that meet on-line controller software limitations. The problem of reduced-order modeling and filtering, linear multivariable systems synthesis techniques, and digital control of dynamical systems are deliberated in the next chapters. This publication concludes with the ship propulsion dynamics simulation and analysis and synthesis of complex distributed parameter systems.  This volume is beneficial to students and researchers conducting work on advances in large-scale complex systems.

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Skeletal Research: An Experimental Approach

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Skeletal Research, An Experimental Approach discusses experimental studies on bone cell and tissue biochemistry, biomechanics, isolation, and methods of analysis. Divided into four parts encompassing 21 chapters, this book describes the advantages and limitations of approaches and options available for bone laboratories.  The opening part of this book describes the isolation, characterization, and methods of analysis of bone and cartilage cells and their organ cultures. This description is followed by discussions on the intermediary metabolism of growth and articular cartilage; the isolation of plasma membranes from calcified connective tissues; and the aspects of lipidology as it applies to calcified tissue. The third part of this book focuses on the chemical, histochemical, and pathophysiological studies of bone as tissue. This text includes significant chapters on bones biomechanics and bioelectricity; bone mineral composition; collagen biochemistry; calcium metabolism; and blood flow. Studies on bone and cartilage as circadian systems in rats and mice, emphasizing the importance of this aspect of experimental design, are covered in the concluding part of this book.  This text is an ideal resource to experienced researchers and young investigators who wish to expand their technical knowledge on bone research.

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Thermal Uses and Properties of Carbohydrates and Lignins

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Thermal Uses and Properties of Carbohydrates and Lignins contains the proceedings of the Symposium on Thermal Uses and Properties of Carbohydrates and Lignins, held during the 172nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in San Francisco, California, in September 1976. Contributors focus on thermal uses and properties of carbohydrates and lignins and discuss processes ranging from combustion and pyrolysis to thermal degradation and decomposition, gasification, and catalytic conversion.  This text is comprised of 17 chapters; the first of which introduces the reader to the relationship between the chemical composition, combustion, heat release, and pyrolysis of cellulosic materials. The chapters that follow explore the kinetics of solid-phase cellulose pyrolysis; flash pyrolysis of holocellulose from loblolly pine bark; and the decomposition products of Douglas fir under varying conditions. The influence of crystallinity on the thermal properties of cellulose; energy considerations in the pyrolysis-gasification-combustion process; and the catalytic conversion of carbohydrates to synthesis gas are also considered. This book highlights the diversity and complexity of uses for renewable resources, as well as the problem of turning cellulose and lignin into useful products for society. At one level, the chapters present fundamental research; at another they consider specific processes for resource utilization.  This book will be of interest to professionals working in fields such as chemistry, forestry, and agriculture.

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Control and Dynamic Systems: Advances in Theory and Application, Volume 16 is concerned with applied dynamic systems control techniques. It describes various techniques for system modeling, which apply to several systems issues.  This book presents a comprehensive treatment of powerful algorithmic techniques for solving dynamic-system optimization problems. It also describes approaches for systems model that apply to system issues such as time delays. The remaining chapters of this book explore the simulation of large closed-loop systems and optimization of low-order feedback controllers for discrete-time systems.   Researchers who wish to broaden their understanding of dynamic systems control techniques will find this book invaluable.

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Control and Dynamic Systems, Volume 20 is a collection of papers that discusses the techniques and technology of the application of nonlinear filters and Kalman filters.   This collection deals with issues on computation techniques along with many examples of applications of these filters. One paper reviews the bias-separated estimation theory with some alternate derivations by investigators which can provide further extensions. Another paper shows that methods and techniques used in estimating stochastic parameters that have been derived from conventional stochastic operations are effective in various applications. Other papers describe the many advanced applications of Kalman filters and nonlinear estimators in aerospace systems such as the application of adaptive Kalman filtering for aided strapdown navigation systems. As an example, a software package can test the technique of model switching; as well as other applications of the methods of adaptive Kalman filtering for aided strapdown navigation systems. Total system development of ballistic missiles concerns system-level understanding that uses modern analytic methods including applications of filtering and smoothing theory.   This book can prove useful for people working in industrial process control or in econometrics, as well as nuclear physicists.

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Determinants of Neuronal Identity brings together studies of a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms that highlight the determinants of neuronal identity. Emphasis of this book is on how neurons are generated; how their developmental identities are specified; and to what degree those identities can be subsequently modified to meet the changing needs of the organism. This book also considers various techniques used in the analysis of different organisms.  This volume is comprised of 15 chapters; the first of which introduces the reader to the specification of neuronal identity in Caenorhabditis elegans. The discussion then turns to neurogenesis and segmental homology in the leech, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the development of Retzius neurons in the leech nervous system. Drosophila is discussed next, with particular reference to neuronal diversity in the embryonic central nervous system, cell choice and patterning in the retina, and development of the peripheral nervous system. Other chapters explore endocrine influences on the postembryonic fates of neurons during insect metamorphosis; neuron determination in the nervous system of Hydra and in the mammalian cerebral cortex; and segregation of cell lineage in the vertebrate neural crest.  This book will help scientists and active researchers in synthesizing a conceptual framework for further studies of neuronal specification.