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Porous Media Fluid Transport and Pore Structure

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Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure presents relevant data on the role of pore structure in terms of transport phenomena in pore spaces. The information is then applied to the interpretation of various experiments and results of model calculations. This book emphasizes the discussion of ""flow through porous media"" in terms of interactions among the three main factors. These factors are transport phenomena, interfacial effects, and pore structure.  An introductory chapter opens the text and presents some of the basic concepts and terms that will be encountered all throughout. Chapters 2 to 4 focus on the important foundations of the physical phenomena as applied in the pore space of porous media. These foundations are capillarity, pore structure, and single phase flow and diffusion.  Chapters 5 to 7 discuss more in detail the different applications of pore structure to various operations and processes. Some of the concepts covered in this part of the book include flow and/or diffusion through a porous medium, simultaneous flow of immiscible fluids and immiscible displacement, and miscible displacement and hydrodynamic dispersion.  This book is a good reference to students, scientists, and engineers in the field of chemistry, physics, and biology.

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Intra-and Intermolecular Interactions, Radiation Effects in DNA Cells, and Repair Mechanisms

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Physico-chemical Properties of Nucleic Acids, Volume III revolves around three major concepts, which are intra- and intermolecular interactions, radiation effects in DNA cells, and repair mechanisms. This volume also presents the stage of specific biological functions and how repair mechanisms relate to the problem of evolution.  Comprised of six chapters, this volume begins with the concept of renaturation of polynucleotides. Interactions in nucleic acids and nucleotides are discussed in several chapters. Other topics covered in this volume include polymer and salt-induced condensation of DNA and strand-breaks in the DNA of mammalian cells. The last chapter explores the stability and evolution of DNA in terms of molecular radiobiology. This chapter also presents and reviews some evolutionary problems, specifically the prebiotic evolution. The elements of stabilization and variability of genetic information are also discussed in the last chapter.  As with the other volumes, this volume is a valuable reference for students and researchers in the fields of chemistry, biology, molecular biology, microbiology, and biophysics.

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Conformal Invariance and String Theory is an account of the series of lectures held in Summer School regarding Conformal Invariance and String Theory in September 1987. The purpose of the lectures is to present the important problems and results in these two areas of theoretical physics. The text is divided into two major parts. Part I deals with implications of conformal invariance in studying two-dimensional systems. Part II meanwhile presents lectures regarding the advances in string theory and other related topics.Also included in the text is a part dedicated to the topic of determinants. This topic is discussed in two parts; the first focuses on the determinants in the finite dimensional case, while the second talks about Fredholm determinants.  The book is a helpful source of reference to students and researchers in the field of physics, specifically quantum and theoretical.

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The Physiology of the Eye, Third Edition reviews major advances in the physiology of the eye, including improvements in photochemical and electrophysiological techniques. In particular, the successful application of modern microelectrode techniques to the recording of activity at all stages in the visual pathway is considered.   This edition is organized into five sections and begins with an overview of the vegetative physiology and biochemistry of the eye, emphasizing the aqueous humor and the intraocular pressure, the vitreous body, cornea, and lens. The following chapters discuss the mechanism of vision, including the electrophysiology of the retina, and some fundamental principles of ocular physiology. An account of the important advances made possible by the application of modern methods to the analysis of the eye movements, pupillary function, and so on is also given. The remaining sections focus on the theoretical and practical foundation laid by the work of classical research workers in the realm of physiological optics.  This book is intended for students and researchers in fields ranging from ocular science to physiology and biochemistry.

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The Porphyrins, Volume I: Structure and Synthesis, Part Ais the first in a series of seven volumes and covers topics like nomenclature, purification, and structural determination of porphyrins, metalloporphyrins, and other related compounds. This volume serves to be a critical review of the topics covered and presents a complete and comprehensible discussion on the chemistry and biochemistry of porphyrins.  The chapters in the text tackle the history and geochemistry of porphyrins and related systems. Also covered and discussed in the chapters is the synthesis of porphyrins from mono-, di-, and tetrapyrrolic intermediates. The isolation and modification of porphyrins from natural sources are also discussed. Other related compounds are also included, such as metallo-, aza-, and N-methylporphyrins, and their synthesis and properties.  This book is a good introduction and reference for students studying in the fields of chemistry and biochemistry.

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Physiology of the Eye, Fourth Edition reviews major advances in the physiology of the eye, including improvements in photochemical and electrophysiological techniques. In particular, the successful application of modern microelectrode techniques to the recording of activity at all stages in the visual pathway is considered.   This edition is organized into four sections encompassing 23 chapters and begins with an overview of the anatomy of the eye and its vegetative physiology and biochemistry, paying particular attention to the aqueous humor and the intraocular pressure, the vitreous body, the cornea, and the lens. The discussion then shifts to the mechanism of vision, including its photochemical aspects and muscular mechanisms, and the neurophysiology of visual perception. Advances in electrophysiology of the receptors, and of the central nervous pathways of vision and eye movement, are examined along with the remarkable developments in separative techniques of the lens crystallins and the biochemical aspects of lens transparency.  This book is a valuable resource for students and researchers in fields ranging from ocular science to physiology and biochemistry.

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Carboxylic Ortho Acid Derivatives: Preparation and Synthetic Applications

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Carboxylic Ortho Acid Derivatives: Preparation and Synthetic Applications discusses the principal classes of ortho acid derivatives and their preparation, properties, and reactions. The book is a critical survey and attempts to collate literature regarding the wide array of information on ortho acid derivatives to be of use to chemists studying different sorts of problems.  The text is divided into seven chapters, where Chapter 1 begins with a discussion of the general concepts of carboxylic ortho esters, their synthesis, and properties. Chapters 2 to 4 tackle reactions of ortho esters that result to different bonds and bond formations such as (a) carbon-oxygen and carbon-halogen bond, (b) carbon-nitrogen or carbon-phosphorus, and (c) carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bond formation. Chapter 5 discusses the synthesis, properties, and applications of carbohydrate ortho esters. Related compounds and their properties, preparation, and chemical transformations are the topic of Chapters 6 and 7. Some of these compounds are trithioorthocarboxylates, tetrathioorthocarbonates, and amide acetals.  The book is a valuable reference to students or anyone else interested in chemistry.

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Cell Reproduction: In Honor of Daniel Mazia represents the proceeding of a symposium entitled Cell Reproduction held in Keystone, Colorado, on March 1978. The symposium is organized to honor Daniel Mazia. Most of the areas of research that are discussed at the conference have their origins in Dan Mazia's laboratory.   This volume is divided into nine parts, consisting of papers presented in the symposium. It first focuses on the macromolecular control in cell proliferation and growth, cell cycle regulation, control of genetic expression, and microtubule assembly in vitro and in vivo. In then explains the control of fertilization phenomena, chromosome movement, the mitotic apparatus, and control of cell division and cell cleavage. Lastly, this volume discusses the structural and molecular basis of cell movement and describes the differentiated cell.  This book represents a tribute to Daniel Mazia's extraordinary contributions as teacher, scientist, and friend.

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Municipal Wastewater in Agriculture covers the proceedings of the 1980 International Conference on the Status of Knowledge, Critical Research Needs, and Potential Research Facilities Relating to the Cooperative Research Needs for Renovation and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater in Agriculture, held in Cocoyoc, Morelos, Mexico. Primary participated by Mexico and United States, both have large area with water shortages, the conference focuses on renovation and reuse of wastewater by agricultural irrigation, along with construction designs, operational guidelines, and data for these systems.    Organized into six parts encompassing 20 chapters, the book covers the nature, distribution, and fate of viruses, bacteria, and pathogenic organisms, as well as organic and inorganic contamination of municipal water systems. Parts I and II tackle the administrative and legal aspects of wastewater renovation and reuse and reuse alternatives for municipal wastewater. Parts III and V discuss the efforts of Mexico and United States in land treatment and in water quality system, along with design and cost criteria for land treatment systems.  Part IV examines pathogen and heavy metal contaminants in municipal wastewater. Finally, research needs related to municipal wastewater renovation and reuse in arid and semiarid areas and in domestic wastewater are discussed in the concluding section.      The book aims to assist in the assessment of land treatment system capacity for wastewater renovation for various types of reuse.

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The Fine Structure of Algal Cells is a hybrid between a review and a comprehensive descriptive work on fine structure of algae. Such fine structural data are important for any consideration of the classification of algae and for attempting to analyze their phylogenetic relationships.  Fine-structure has provided many vital keys to the understanding of the interrelationships and phylogeny of the algae. Notably, the trend in algal fine structure work is toward use of electron microscopy to try to understand the functions of cells and organelles under both normal and experimental conditions. This book brings together information which has been gathered by electron microscopists. It considers 13 classes of algae: Chlorophyceae, Haptophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Chloromonadophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Dinophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Chrysophyceae. It covers the main structural features of the various classes and the organelles present in typical cells. The book also describes the algal cell covering, flagella, pyrenoid, eyespot, nucleus, and ejectile organelles,as well as membranes, envelope, and stroma of algal chloroplasts. Lastly, it also explains the algal cell division.  This book will help students visualize and compare algal structure, and at the same time provide enough references so that research workers can enter the literature to find out more precise details from the original sources.

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Mitochondria in Higher Plants: Structure, Function, and Biogenesis is a collection and interpretation of information on plant mitochondria. It explains not only the basic enzymology of ATP synthesis coupled to electron transport that seems to constitute the major activity of the mitochondria, but also many other aspects that make plant mitochondria rather more diverse than their animal counterparts.  Organized into five chapters, this book begins with the morphological and cytological observations on mitochondria, and proceeding through membrane and matrix functions to participation in metabolism and biogenesis. Each section presents the unique properties of plant mitochondria within the framework of general mitochondrial structure and function.  This book is intended not only for research workers and students interested in the enzymology of plant mitochondria respiration, but also for graduate and undergraduate students in the field of plant biochemistry, cell physiology, and molecular biology. It will be useful as a starting point for those students wishing to pursue special studies in this field.

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Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes, and Behavior

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Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes, and Behavior presents the conceptual, methodological, and empirical advances in the study of the complex interactions between nasal chemoreception, sexual behavior, and endocrine function in mammals. It focuses on the orders Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, Rodentia, and Primates.  The book describes techniques for producing anosmia in laboratory animals and the usefulness of the popular pheromone concept in describing chemosensory influences on mammalian behavior and endocrinology. It also reviews studies examining reproductive endocrine-olfactory interactions in humans. Moreover, the book discusses the anatomy, physiology, and development of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems.  This book is invaluable to anatomists, endocrinologists, mammalogists, physiologists, psychologists, and zoologists not only as a source book, but as a textbook on chemosensation as well.

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The Porphyrins, Volume III: Physical Chemistry, Part A deals with the physical chemistry of porphyrins, their precursors, catabolic derivatives, and related systems. The book covers electronic structure and spectroscopy including circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism as well as electronic, infrared, resonance Raman, and Zeeman spectroscopy. Porphyrin stereochemistry, X-ray crystallography, and mass spectroscopy are also included.  This volume is organized into 12 chapters and begins with an overview of the optical absorption and emission spectra of porphyrins and the theory by which these facts are understood. The discussion then shifts to the electronic states of the iron porphyrin complex in various heme proteins as displayed by the light absorption properties in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The reader is methodically introduced to the electronic absorption spectra and molecular orbital theory of chlorophylls, the magnetic optical activity of porphyrins and hemoproteins, and circular dichroism studies of hemoproteins. The book also examines the mass spectra and infrared spectroscopy of porphyrins, resonance Raman scattering from metalloporphyrins and hemoproteins, and photographic essay of porphyrins and related macrocycles. It then concludes with a chapter on high-resolution Zeeman spectroscopy of metalloporphyrins.  This book should be useful to inorganic, organic, physical, and biochemists interested in the physical chemistry of porphyrins.

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The Porphyrins, Volume V: Physical Chemistry, Part C explores the physical chemistry of porphyrins, their precursors, catabolic derivatives, and related compounds. The book covers photochemical, electrochemical, and routes of electron transfer, as well as primary redox reactions of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins; oxygenation of hemoglobin and the interactions of metalloporphyrins with dioxygen; the kinetics of porphyrin metalation; and solid state phenomena.   This volume is organized into 11 chapters and begins with an overview of electron transfer and the mechanisms of oxidation and reduction. The discussion then turns to porphyrin photochemical reactions and reversible electron transfer reactions of metalloporphyrins. Selected examples in which the oxidized or reduced complexes have been shown to play a biochemical role are provided. The following chapters focus on the isolation and characterization of the photosynthetic pigments and their aggregation and coordination properties, along with those of the porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. The book concludes with an analysis of solid state phenomena in porphyrins and related materials, paying particular attention to semiconduction, photoconduction, and superconduction.  This book will be of value to inorganic, organic, physical, and biochemists interested in the physical chemistry of porphyrins.

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Handbook of Naturally Occurring Compounds V1

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Handbook of Naturally Occurring Compounds, Volume I: Acetogenins, Shikimates, and Carbohydrates contains most of the known naturally occurring compounds and their corresponding structures, classified into acetogenins, shikimates, and carbohydrates. Each structure includes the molecular formula, molecular weight, optical rotation, melting point, literature reference, and classification number.  This handbook is comprised of nine chapters and begins with an introduction to the primary classes of naturally occurring compounds to be discussed in the following chapters, namely shikimate aromatics, acetate/shikimate aromatics, acetate/malonate aromatics, acyclic and heterocyclic acetogenins, carbohydrates, and complex classes. The shikimic acid pathway is described, along with the oxygenation patterns of shikimate-derived aromatics. Compounds such as lignans, terphenyls, macrolides, and miscellaneous phenols are considered. Oxyheterocyclics related to the linear acetogenins/phenylpolyynes are also analyzed. The final chapter provides three indices in addition to the structural guides, namely, Molecular Weight Index, Molecular Formula Index, and Alphabetical Index.  This volume will be a useful resource for chemists and chemistry students.

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An Introduction to the Eddy Transfer of Momentum, Mass, and Heat, Particularly at Interfaces

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Turbulence Phenomena provides an introduction to the eddy transfer of momentum, mass, and heat, specifically at interfaces. The approach of the discussion of the subject matter is based on the eddy mixing length concept of Prandtl.   Chapter 1 begins with a discussion on basic concepts regarding liquid flow such as viscosity, turbulent flows, and velocities. As concepts and theories are established, the book then discusses the eddy transfer in fluids, specifically eddy transfer of mass and heat within fluids and eddy transfer near solid surfaces. The concept of eddies in different surfaces is discussed in length all throughout numerous chapters. These different surfaces include clean gas-liquid surfaces, clean liquid-liquid interfaces, and film-covered surfaces. The last few chapters focus on the more detailed discussion on turbulence, such as the concept of spontaneous interfacial turbulence and emulsification and turbulent dispersion and coalescence.   The book will be of great use to undergraduate students of chemical engineering, physics, and chemistry.

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Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition V2

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Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition, Volume II is organized into two parts. The first part focuses on the organisms involved in plant litter decomposition, particularly, their structure and function. The second part deals with the environmental conditions under which breakdown occurs over the whole global surface.  This volume separately considers terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. Furthermore, it describes two anthropocentric aspects: agriculture, with an emphasis on the importance of the saprophytic activity of plant pathogenic fungi, and the increasingly important composting of urban waste.  This book will be invaluable to science students and instructors, as well as to biologists, botanists, marine ecologists.

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Doppler Radar and Weather Observations deals with the use of Doppler radar to make observations of a variety of weather phenomena such as tornado vortices, hurricanes, and lightning channels. Topics covered include electromagnetic waves and propagation; weather echo signals; Doppler spectra of weather echoes; and meteorological radar signal processing. Rain and turbulence measurements are also considered, along with observations of winds, storms, and related phenomena.   Comprised of 11 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to weather radar principles and how the radar parameters and signal characteristics relate to the target's meteorological properties. The effect of the atmosphere on the path of the signal is then examined, together with techniques used in extracting a target's properties from its echoes. The radar signal path from the transmitter, through the antenna, along the beam to the target, and on its return to the receiver is also discussed. Subsequent chapters explore the discrete Fourier transform and its application to weather echo signals; the weather Doppler spectrum and the signal processing methods used to derive its principal moments; range and Doppler velocity ambiguities as they pertain to distributed targets; and the limitations imposed by antenna sidelobes, ground clutter, signal decorrelation, and power. A comprehensive treatment of pulse compression and the Doppler processing of frequency modulated signals is given.   This monograph should be of value to oceanographers, meteorologists, atmospheric scientists, and radar engineers, as well as students and researchers interested in Doppler radar principles.

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The Microbiology of Poultry Meat Products

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The Microbiolology of Poultry Meat Products presents scientific knowledge on poultry meat and its products and covers various disciplines required in the determination of poultry meat microbiology. This volume is the first single-source compilation of research in this segment of the food industry.     After a brief introduction to prevalence of poultry meat contamination, chapters 2 to 4 examine various types of microorganisms affecting poultry meat and their classification and identification. Chapter 5 describes the contamination of poultry meat in various stages of processing, including in scalding methods, picking, evisceration, and chilling. The book goes on to discuss the United States Department of Agriculture standards for processed poultry and poultry products. The latter chapters cover refrigerated, frozen, and canned storage problems, as well as proven methods of poultry and poultry products preservation, including radiation, heating, use of antibiotics and sanitizers, salting, and smoking.   This book is an ideal reference source for industry and quality assurance personnel, and for use in undergraduate courses in food science or microbiology. It will be useful to students, microbiologists, food technologists, and any producer, distributor, or retailer of poultry meat products.

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Excited State Lifetime Measurements attempts to assist in clarifying and unifying the many characteristics and definitions of excited state lifetime measurements. The contents of this book are derived from a series of lectures presented to a research group in the University of New Mexico in 1967. The relevance as well as the methods and measurements of data treatment of excited state lifetimes are featured in this book.   The first three chapters provide a brief discussion on concepts and applications of excited state lifetime measurements. Experimental methods and systems are also introduced in these chapters. Chapter 4 delves into more complex systems (serial decay kinetics and resonance energy transfer) while Chapter 5 focuses on the method of least squares fitting, its uses, and misuses. Chapters 6 to 8 mainly discuss the convolution integral and its different applications while Chapter 9 gives a more detailed presentation of instrumentation. The last two chapters discuss special errors and approaches to new methodologies regarding the study of the excited state lifetime measurements.  The book will be useful to students and scientists including analytical chemists, photochemists, photobiologists, spectroscopists, and physicists.