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The Biology of the Monotremes is an attempt to make available all gathered information about monotremes to the greater public. This book specifically targets the students, newly graduates, teachers, and researchers interested in the study of life processes and evolution.  This book comprises of 10 chapters. Each chapter except Chapter 10 discusses three genera - Ornithorhynchus, Tachyglossus, and Zaglossus. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the subject matter. It covers the discovery and general anatomy of the monotremes. In accordance, Chapter 2 discusses the different kinds of monotremes and its other aspects. Aside from the mentioned genera, it also includes Obdurodon insignis. In Chapter 3, the food and feeding habits of the monotremes is given focus. Meanwhile, the varied physiology of monotremes is the subject of Chapter 4, and temperature regulation in Chapter 5.  A more detailed and thorough discussion regarding the anatomy of the monotremes is provided in Chapters 6 through 9. The discussion covers topics including the glands in the endocrine and immune systems, as well as special senses, organs, and behavior of monotremes. Its reproduction and embryology is also discussed. This book explains as well the mammals lactation, composition of the milk, sucking, and growth of the young.  Lastly, Chapter 10 provides the readers with four differing views regarding the relationship of the monotremes with the rest of the mammals.

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Molecular Cloning and Gene Regulation in Bacilli

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Molecular Cloning and Gene Regulation in Bacilli presents the proceedings of the 1981 Cetus Conference on Genetics held at Stanford University, Stanford, California. It summarizes both basic and applied aspects of bacilli genetics. It discusses significant advances made in understanding chromosome structure, gene arrangement, molecular cloning, cloned gene expression, DNA metabolism, transcription, and translation.  Divided into five sessions, the book starts by discussing the DNA sequence from RNA intergenic spaces of Bacillus subtilis rRNA gene sets, the construction of a bifunctional cosmid vector of large DNA segments, and the mating system of bacilli. Molecular cloning session covers complementation system and dominance analyses in Bacillus, genetic fusion of Escherichia coli lac genes to a Bacillus subtilis promoter, and DNA cloning of B. subtilis. It also describes the construction of trimethoprim resistant B. subtilis plasmid and expression of E. coli trp genes cloned in B. subtilis. Session III encompasses chapters that discuss protein secretion by bacilli; regulation of alpha-amylase production in B. subtilis; entomocidal toxin translation of B. thuringiensis; and expression of crystal protein, heterologous, and eukaryotic genes in bacilli. Session IV focuses on various aspects of DNA metabolism of bacilli, such as the interaction of bacterial chromosome with cell membrane; plasmid DNA in competent cells and protoplasts of B. subtilis; analysis of peptides synthesized by B. subtilis mutants; and DNA repair, uptake, restriction, modification, and recombination. The final session examines species-specific translation, control of gene expression and replications in plasmids, development of expression-vector in B. subtilis, and regulatory modifications of RNA polymerase. Each chapter is presented in an experimental manner, consisting of a summary of the study, materials and methods, results, as well as references.

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Metabolic Pathways, Third Edition: Volume VII: Metabolism of Sulfur Compounds deals with various aspects of the metabolism and biosynthesis of sulfur compounds such as coenzyme A, biotin, thiamine, and lipoic acid. The biochemistry of glutathione and the sulfur cycle is also discussed, together with sulfate activation and transfer; oxidative metabolism of cysteine and cystine in animal tissues; and enzyme defects in sulfur amino acid metabolism in humans.  This volume is comprised of 15 chapters and begins with a discussion on the pathways of biosynthesis and dissimilation of coenzyme A, as well as the metabolic fate of exogenous coenzyme A in animals. The reader is then introduced to the chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism, biological role, and biodegradation of biotin; the biosynthesis and function of thiamine; and the biosynthesis, dissimilation, and metabolic role of lipoic acid. Other sulfur compounds considered in this text are glutathione, cysteine and cystine, riboflavin, thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, and methionine. The final chapter is devoted to human diseases associated with enzyme defects in sulfur amino acid metabolism.  This book will be a useful resource for biologists and biochemists.

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Diatomic Interaction Potential Theory, Volume 1: Fundamentals deals with the theoretical approaches to calculations for diatomic systems in their ground states. More specifically, this book considers the problem of calculating the wave function and energy for the lowest state of a system of N electrons moving in the field of two fixed point charges (the nuclei of a diatomic system) separated by a distance R.     Comprised of three chapters, this volume opens with an introduction to the nature of an interatomic interaction potential or potential energy curve. The separation of nuclear from electronic motions is considered, along with the methods used to measure potential energy curves. The next chapter presents a qualitative discussion of potential energy curves, with emphasis on the effects to be expected when two atomic systems are allowed to interact at large separation. The final chapter looks at the main approaches to schemes of calculation: variation theory, perturbation theory, the virial and Hellmann-Feynman theorems, local energy principles, and quantum statistical theories.  This monograph will be a useful resource for students and teachers of physical chemistry.

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Reproduction of Marine Invetebrates, Volume IV Molluscs: Gastropods and Cephalopods describes the wide range of structural complexity and diverse modes of reproduction of gastropods and cephalopods.  Each chapter discusses the asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction capacity, and developmental stages of different group of gastropods and cephalopods, including prosobranchia, opisthobranchia, pulmonata, nautiloidea, decapoda, and octopoda. Gastropods are among the most conspicuous sea animals, and species of limpets, snails, and slugs are found in all marine habitats. Cephalopods are active and important marine predators, ranging from archaic nautiloids to more recent pelagic decapods and benthic octopods, which are often considered to be one of the apexes of invertebrate evolution. They are all gonochoric and reproduce only by sexual means. All have intricate courtship behavior and derived developmental patterns.  Marine biologists and researchers, scientists, and developmental biologists will find this book invaluable.

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Nonlinear Models of Interacting Populations

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On the Volterra and Other Nonlinear Models of Interacting Populations explores the various models brought upon to investigate the different assemblies known to man. Assemblies include populations of various biological species, countries, and political parties among others. Because there are numerous assemblies to be measured and evaluated, it has been decided that a standard model be used to ascertain a detailed investigation. One of the models that have been brought forward is introduced by Volterra, which started as a basis for ecological processes.  The book begins by establishing that Volterras model is one of the simplest nonlinear competition models. It explores the model through the study of the population growth of a species. It also covers other theories and concepts relating to the Volterra model in the context of the study. These include equilibrium theory, diversity and stability in ecological systems, and time lags in population among others.  The book is a helpful reference for students, researchers, scientists, policymakers, and other parties in search of model/s that fully investigate different assemblies.

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International Trends in Optics provides a broad view of work in the field of optics throughout the world. Topics range from quantum optoelectronics for optical processing to optics in telecommunications, along with microoptics, optical memories, and fiber-optic signal processing. Holographic optical elements for use with semiconductor lasers are also considered.  Comprised of 34 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to some of the practical applications of integrated optical circuits, optoelectronic integrated circuits, and photonic integrated circuits. Subsequent chapters deal with quantum optoelectronics for optical processing; fiber-optic signal processing; holographic optical elements for use with semiconductor lasers; potential uses of photorefractives; and adaptive interferometry that makes use of photorefractive crystals. Water wave optics and diffraction are also examined, together with the essential journals of optics and the opposition effect in volume and surface scattering.  The final chapter is devoted to optical computing, with emphasis on its processing functions and architecture.  This monograph will be of interest to students, practitioners, and researchers in physics and electronics.

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Carboranes offers a comprehensive treatment of carborane chemistry and covers topics ranging from structures and chemical bonding to the degradation of the icosahedral cage. Carborane polymers as well as small nido- and closo-carboranes, intermediate closo-carboranes, and o-, m-, and p-carboranes are also discussed.  This book is comprised of nine chapters and begins with an overview of the chemistry and properties of carboranes. The discussion then turns to the molecular structures of polyhedral carboranes and open-cage carboranes, along with the isomerism and rearrangement of carboranes; nomenclature and numbering systems used for carboranes; and chemical bonding in boranes and carboranes. The following chapters explore the synthesis, reactions, structures, and properties of small nido- and closo-carboranes, intermediate closo-carboranes, and o-, m-, and p-carboranes. The reactions of boranes and alkylboranes with alkynes as well as the degradation of icosahedral carboranes are also described.  This monograph will be a useful resource for organic and inorganic chemists.

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Cell Biology A Comprehensive Treatise V4

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Gene Expression: Translation and the Behavior of Proteins

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Cell Biology, A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume 4: Gene Expression: Translation and the Behavior of Proteins discusses the translation of genetic information into proteins. It also explains the activities and behaviors of proteins, which is the final stage of gene expression.  This book opens with a discussion of the components and mechanism of the translational machinery  their structures, biogenesis, and cellular levels. It then explains the protein synthesis, wherein each chapter focuses on one aspect of the detailed process.  Other topics covered in this book are the structure and function of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes and the proteolytic cleavage in the posttranslational processing of proteins. This text also covers the regulation of enzyme activity and the movement of material between nucleus and cytoplasm. The last three chapters are more in-depth discussions on protein synthesis, intracellular transport, regulation, and secretion.  As with the other volumes of this book series, readers will definitely benefit from the vast information provided in this book regarding protein, its activities, behaviors, and synthesis.

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Metabolic Pathways, Third Edition: Volume IV: Nucleic Acids, Protein Synthesis, and Coenzymes focuses on the metabolic pathways of the major biological constituents of living organisms, namely, nucleic acids, proteins, and coenzymes. The biosynthesis and metabolism of purines and pyrimidines, nucleotides, riboflavin and related compounds, and vitamin B6 are discussed. The biogenesis and metabolism of thiamine and folic acid are also considered.  This volume is comprised of seven chapters and begins with an analysis of metabolic control and enzymology of purines and pyrimidines such as inosinic acid and nucleotides. The next chapter is devoted to the biosynthesis and metabolism of nucleotides and nucleic acids, making reference to deoxyribonucleotides as well as RNA and DNA. Some of the reactions involving nucleotides are classified and briefly discussed. The reader is then introduced to protein synthesis, paying particular attention to the chemical features of the synthesis of the peptide bond and the characteristics of the genetic code implicated in this process. The remaining chapters focus on riboflavin and related compounds, thiamine, folic acid, and vitamin B6.  This book will be a useful resource for biochemists and biologists.

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Optical Bistability: Controlling Light With Light

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Optical Bistability: Controlling Light with Light focuses on optical bistability in nonlinear optical systems. Emphasis is on passive (non-laser) systems that exhibit reversible bistability with input intensity as the hysteresis variable, along with the physics and the potential applications of such systems for nonlinear optical signal processing.  This book consists of seven chapters and begins with a historical overview of optical bistability in lasers and passive systems. The next chapter describes steady-state theories of optical bistability, including the Bonifacio-Lugiato model, as well as the boundary conditions of an optical cavity and the coupled Maxwell-Bloch equations. Both intrinsic and hybrid experiments are then described, along with light-by-light control, pulse reshaping, and external switching. The transient phenomena that arise either from instabilities in the bistable systems themselves or from fluctuations in the number of nonlinear atoms or in the number of intracavity photons are also considered. The final chapter examines the characteristics and fundamental limitations of an ideal device, the prospect of improving devices by identifying giant nonlinearities, and the utilization of the full power of optics by parallel processing.  This monograph is intended for new entrants and active workers in the field of optical bistability.

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The Geometry of Algebraic Fermi Curves deals with the geometry of algebraic Fermi curves, with emphasis on the inverse spectral problem. Topics covered include the periodic Schrodinger operator and electrons in a crystal; one-dimensional algebraic Bloch varieties; separable Bloch varieties; and monodromy for separable and generic Bloch varieties. Compactification, the potential zero, and density of states are also discussed.  This book consists of 13 chapters and begins by recalling the static lattice approximation for electronic motion at low temperature in a pure, finite sample of a d-dimensional crystal. The position of the Fermi energy and the geometry of the Fermi hypersurface in relation to the metallic properties of the crystal are described. The following chapters focus on the Bloch variety associated with a discrete two-dimensional periodic Schrodinger operator; algebraic Bloch varieties in one dimension; compactification of the Bloch variety; and the potential zero. The geometry of the Bloch variety of a separable potential is also considered, along with the topology of the family of Fermi curves. The final chapter demonstrates how the Bloch variety is determined by the density of states.  This monograph will be a useful resource for students and teachers of mathematics.

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Cell Biology A Comprehensive Treatise V2

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The Structure and Replication of Genetic Material

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Cell Biology, A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume 2: The Structure and Replication of Genetic Material is mainly about the structure and replication of genetic material in both the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles. This volume is part of the first four volumes that establish a firm foundation regarding issues of cell structure and function. These issues include cell reproduction, differentiation, and cell-to-cell interactions.  This book is divided into nine chapters. Each chapter deals extensively with chromosomes  its physical, genetic, and chemical structures. In addition, this book explains the replication of chromosomes in terms of the cell cycle, as well as their coding capacity. It also discusses the functional organization (structure and levels) of the chromosomes. The concluding chapters present the DNA replication molecular principles and enzymatic machinery. Furthermore, this book explains DNA repair and its relationship to various biological endpoints.  The authors of this book reasonably explain and emphasize already established facts and concepts in terms that are relatively easy to understand. Undergraduate and graduate students, teachers, researchers, scientists, and others interested or in need of information regarding cell biology will find this book of great use.

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Principles of Neurobiological Signal Analysis

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Principles of Neurobiological Signal Analysis deals with the principles of signal analysis as applied to the electrical activity of the nervous system. Topics covered include biological signals, the basics of signal processing, and power spectra and covariance functions. Evoked potentials, spontaneous and driven single unit activity, and multiunit activity are also considered, along with the relations between slow wave and unit activity.  This book consists of eight chapters and begins by establishing the theoretical groundwork of signal analysis, with emphasis on the properties of signal and noise; sampling and conversion of biological signals into sequences of digital numbers readily digestible by a computer; and the concepts of power spectrum and covariance analysis. The following chapters explore techniques for extracting evoked responses from background noise; multivariate statistical procedures for treating evoked response waveshapes as variables dependent upon the experimental manipulations performed upon a subject; and spike (action potential) activity generated by neurons. The final chapter describes methods for studying how such spike activity may be related to the concurrently observed slow wave (EEG-like) activity of the nervous system.   This monograph will be of interest to physiologists and neurobiologists.

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Energy Conversion by Plants and Bacteria

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Photosynthesis, Volume 1: Energy Conversion by Plants and Bacteria tackles the conversion of light energy into the production of ATP and NADPH in both plants and bacteria. The various aspects of the energy conversion process in plants and bacteria are thoroughly discussed in this volume. The concepts and terms employed in the book are used integrally, except when a process is unique to one system.  This book, which comprises of six parts, emphasizes both the biochemical and biophysical aspects of photosynthesis. It includes a review of the historical development of major concepts, an analysis of experimental data, and an exposition of subsequent findings.  The first part of this book serves as the foundation of basic terms and concepts that will be used all throughout in this book. Part II deals with the structure and function, whereas Part III with the primary photochemistry. Part IV is about electron transport, while Part V focuses on photophosphorylation. The last part deals with the biosynthesis of pigments.  This book will be a great reference for researchers. It will also be an introductory work for students in cell biology, physiology, biochemistry, and biophysics.

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Bioenergetics of Photosynthesis covers the transformation of energy in biological systems, with an emphasis on photosynthesis. The biochemical and biophysical aspects are given much focus in this book. The historical development of the concepts used in this book is reviewed. This reference also analyzes experimental data and their results.  This publication contains 12 chapters. The first chapter introduces the concept of photosynthesis. Then, the next chapter explores the relationship between chloroplast structure and function . Other concepts covered in this book include the primary events (energy transfer and light absorption), delayed light emission, and chlorophyll fluorescence. The mechanism of excitation energy, oxygen evolution, and chlorophyll fluorescence are also explained. Furthermore, this book discusses the electron transport pathway, primary acts of energy conservation in chloroplast membranes, and molecular organization of chlorophyll. Finally, it describes the relationship of the structure of chloroplast membrane to energy coupling and ion transport.  This book will be a good resource for students and researchers alike, especially in the fields of cell biology, plant physiology, biochemistry, and biophysics.

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Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations covers the 1989 proceedings of a metapopulation dynamics workshop held at Lammi Biological Station, Helsinki, Finland. It is divided into 18 chapters that cover various approaches to spatially structured population and community dynamics.  After briefly discussing the history of metapopulation ideas and the major conceptual links, the book covers types of studies that have been conducted on single-species and multispecies metapopulations. Then, it examines the relationships between metapopulation dynamics, the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, and the dynamics of populations living in patchy environments. It further tackles practical issues and the links between metapopulation dynamics and landscape ecology, and between metapopulation dynamics and conservation biology. Chapters 4 and 5 present structured models describing changes in the number of individuals within patches and an empirical evaluation of local extinction in metapopulation studies. The subsequent chapters discuss several aspects of metapopulation, including dispersal and connectivity, colonization, conspecific attraction, extinction and isolation, and forest fragmentation. The latter chapters describe the concept of habitat fragmentation, the diversity and competition in metapopulations, the community collapse, and the effects of metapopulation studies in predator-prey systems.

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Qualitative Analysis of Physical Problems

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Qualitative Analysis of Physical Problems reviews the essential features of all the main approaches used for the qualitative analysis of physical problems and demonstrates their application to problems from a wide variety of fields. Topics covered include model construction, dimensional analysis, symmetry, and the method of the small parameter.  This book consists of six chapters and begins by looking at various approaches for the construction of models, along with nontrivial applications of dimensional analysis to some typical model systems. The following chapters focus on the application of symmetry to the microscopic and macroscopic properties of systems; the implications of analyticity and occurrence of singularities; and some methods of deriving the magnitude of the solutions (that is, approximate numerical values) for problems that usually cannot be solved exactly in closed form. The final chapter demonstrates the use of qualitative analysis to address the problem of second harmonic generation in nonlinear optics.  This monograph will be a useful resource for graduate students, experimental and theoretical physicists, chemists, engineers, college and high school teachers, and those who are interested in obtaining a general perspective of modern physics.

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Development, Carbon Metabolism, and Plant Productivity

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Photosynthesis, Volume II: Development, Carbon Metabolism, and Plant Productivity provides a basic understanding of photosynthesis. This book also explains how to manipulate photosynthesis and improve the overall rate of photosynthesis of a single plant. It focuses on the use of NADPH and ATP in bicarbonate fixation.  Comprise of 16 chapters, this book covers topics beginning with the concept of photosynthesis. It further discusses manipulating the genetics and molecular biology of the system. In addition, it explains the biogenesis of photosynthetic apparatus, photorespiration, and environmental regulation among others. As the chapters progress, the topics discussed also increase in terms of technical and scientific concepts, as seen in Chapters 10 and 11. These focus on the translocation of photosynthates and leaf and canopy behavior.  The application of the knowledge about photosynthesis to plant productivity is also discussed. A chapter is dedicated to it, including various opinions in the said subject matter. Chapters 14 and 15 contain special topics on canopy photosynthesis and yield in soybean, as well as the effect of bicarbonate on photosynthetic electron transport.  This book will be a reference source for researchers. It will also be an introductory book for graduate students specializing in plant biology, biophysics, and physiology; agronomy; and botany.

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Light Emission by Plants and Bacteria deals mainly with light coming from plants and bacteria as a result of various different reactions. This book emphasizes the light emission from photosynthetic organisms. The major aim of this book is to give insight on light emission studies in plant and bacteria in terms of its physiological, biophysical, and biochemical relevance.  The book is divided into six parts. Part I serves as an introduction and at the same time a historical review and development of different concepts of the emission phenomena. Part II tackles the relationship of light emission to the various photosynthetic reactions. Part III discusses the concept of bioluminescence, with a focus on bacteria and dinoflagellates.  Part IV is a description of the light emission from bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin. Part V discusses the special light emission characteristics and their relationship to specialized pigment systems found in different bacteria and plant groups. It also reviews the fluorescence properties of photosynthetic bacteria. Lastly, Part VI basically shows the practical applications of light emission from algae as well as higher plants.  This book contains not only relevant information about theories and concepts, but also experiments. Thus, it is a recommended reference to researchers and students alike in the field of cell biology, microbiology, plant physiology, biochemistry, biophysics, and agriculture.