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Interpretation of Mass Spectra of Organic Compounds

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Interpretation of Mass Spectra of Organic Compounds outlines the basic instrumentation, sample handling techniques, and procedures used in the interpretation of mass spectra of organic compounds. The fundamental concepts of ionization, fragmentation, and rearrangement of ions as found in mass spectra are covered in some detail, along with the rectangular array and interpretation maps. Computerization of mass spectral data is also discussed.  This book consists of nine chapters and begins with a historical overview of  mass spectrometry and a discussion on some important developments in the field, along with a summary of interpretation objectives and methods. The following chapters focus on instruments, ion sources, and detectors;  recording of the mass spectrum and the instrumental and sample variables affecting the mass spectrum; sample introduction systems; and fragmentation reactions. Correlations as applied to interpretations are also considered, with emphasis on applications of the branching rule as well as beta-bond and alpha-bond cleavages. Example interpretations, calculations, data-processing procedures, and computer programs are included.  This monograph is intended for organic chemists, biochemists, mass spectroscopists, technicians, managers, and others concerned with the whys and wherefores of mass spectrometry.

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Methods for Oxidation of Organic Compounds V1

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Alcohols, Alcohol Derivatives, Alky Halides, Nitroalkanes, Alkyl Azides, Carbonyl Compounds Hydroxyarenes and Aminoarenes

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Methods for the Oxidation of Organic Compounds: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Arenes is an account of the different methods used for the controlled oxidation of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes. Most of the oxidative techniques considered are illustrated with detailed experimental procedures taken from the literature.  This book is comprised of five chapters and begins with a discussion on alkanes, alkyl groups, and hydrocarbon residues. The formation of alkenes, alcohols, hydroperoxides, dialkyl peroxides, cyclic peroxides, ethers, and esters as well as aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids is described, together with the aromatization of cyclic systems. The following chapters are devoted to alkenes, alkynes, and arenes and focus on the formation of compounds ranging from 1,2-diols and oxiranes (1,2-epoxides) to 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, phenols and their derivatives, and quinones. The formation of dialkynes by oxidative coupling of 1-alkynes is described, along with the oxidative cleavage of arenes and oxidative coupling of phenols.  This monograph should be of interest to organic chemists and research students.

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The Acquisition of Strategic Knowledge deals with the automation of the acquisition of strategic knowledge and describes a knowledge acquisition program called ASK, which elicits strategic knowledge from domain experts and puts it in operational form. This book explores the dynamics of intelligent systems and how the components of knowledge systems (including a human expert) interact to produce intelligence. Emphasis is placed on how to represent knowledge that experts require to make decisions about actions. The move toward abstract tasks and how tasks are solved are discussed, along with their implications for knowledge acquisition, particularly the acquisition of expert strategies.  This book is comprised of eight chapters and begins with an overview of the knowledge acquisition problem for strategic knowledge, as well as the relevance of strategic knowledge to artificial intelligence. The next chapter describes a dialog session between the ASK knowledge acquisition assistant and the user (""the expert""). The discussion then turns to software architecture with which to represent strategic knowledge; design and implementation of an assistant for acquiring strategic knowledge; and approaches to knowledge acquisition. Two applications of the ASK system are considered: to evaluate the usability of the elicitation technique with real users and to test the adequacy of the strategy rule representation upon which the approach is dependent. The scope of ASK, its sources of power, and its underlying assumptions are also outlined.  This monograph will be a valuable resource for knowledge systems designers and those interested in artificial intelligence and expert systems.

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Fast Reactor Safety deals with safety design criteria and methodology for fast reactors. Topics covered include safety evaluation methods, system disturbances, containment, and licensing. The characteristics of fast reactors, including heat ratings and coolants, are also discussed.  Comprised of six chapters, this book opens with an overview of methods used to evaluate nuclear safety, along with neutron kinetics, thermal and feedback effects, and fault tree analysis. The reader is then introduced to possible system disturbances in relation to three distinct fast reactor systems: liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactors, gas-cooled fast breeder reactors, and steam-cooled fast breeder reactors. The next chapter looks at safety criteria that are set to define the design of a safe plant, together with the safety features that might be included. The remaining chapters focus on the particular problems of a sodium-cooled design; containment building and primary circuit and vessel containment; and licensing of the plant.  This monograph is intended for graduates and undergraduates in nuclear engineering who are attending courses in reactor safety.

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Cellular Basis of Chemical Messengers in the Digestive System

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Cellular Basis of Chemical Messengers in the Digestive System contains the proceedings of an international symposium on the cellular basis of chemical messengers of the digestive system held in Santa Monica, California, on January 16, 17, and 18, 1980. The papers explore the entire spectrum of problems related to the cellular aspects of chemical messengers in the digestive system, with emphasis on which amines and peptides serve these functions and in which neurons and endocrine-paracrine cells each kind of chemical messenger is found.  This book is comprised of 28 chapters divided into six sections and begins by considering the nature of gut peptides and their possible functions. The discussion then turns to the diffuse neuroendocrine system and the phylogeny of the gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine system. Methods such as immunocytochemistry, electron immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy autoradiography are then described. The following chapters focus on the function and morphology of endocrine-paracrine cells; immunochemical characterization of peptides in endocrine cells and nerves; Langerhans islets as the neuro-paraneuronal control center of the exocrine pancreas; and regulation of metabolism by gastroenteropancreatic peptides. The final section presents experimental results, including in vitro studies of canine pseudo-islets and of the mechanism of gastrin release.  This monograph will be of interest to physiologists and other practitioners in the field of medicine.

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The User-Computer Interface in Process Control

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The User-Computer Interface in Process Control: A Human Factors Engineering Handbook is a handbook of human factors engineering guidelines for the design of the user-computer interface in process control applications. It describes the principles and practice of human factors engineering in the design, development, and acquisition of computer systems for process control, with emphasis on visual display use and design.  This book consists of 10 chapters and begins by explaining what human factors engineering is, along with its role in computerized process control and some of the factors that contribute to deficient user-interface design. The discussion then turns to the principles of systems development and how they relate to human factors issues during the design process. The following chapters focus on the application of human factors guidelines to visual display units (VDUs); the strategy, method, and format for selection and organization of variables that may have an effect on human performance with specific application to user-computer interface issues such as brightness, contrast, and flicker; and various hardware aspects of VDUs. Controls and input devices, control/display integration, and workplace layout are also considered.  This monograph will be a useful resource for software engineers, system designers, and project managers.

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Proceedings of the Interior Symposium on Glycoconjugates

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Glycoconjugate Research, Volume II contains the proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Glycoconjugates held in Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1977. The papers explore the biosynthesis and regulation of glycoconjugates, particularly those of cell membranes, and glycolipid storage diseases.  This volume is comprised of 95 chapters divided into three sections. After reviewing the regulatory mechanisms underlying glycoprotein synthesis, it turns to enzymic modifications of sialic acids in the course of glycoconjugate biosynthesis. The following chapters focus on the biosynthesis and characterization of lipid-linked sugars in the outer membrane of liver mitochondria; effect of bacitracin on the biosynthesis of dolichol derivatives in calf pancreas microsomes; secretion of proteoglycans by chondrocytes; and heterogeneity of arterial proteoglycans. The biosynthesis of elastin by chondroblasts in monolayer cultures is also considered, along with the phosphorylation of proteoglycans in human articular cartilage. The final chapter describes a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for soluble and cell-surface blood group Ii antigens.  This book will be a useful resource for biochemists.

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Reproductive Biology of the Great Apes: Comparative and Biomedical Perspectives discusses the great ape reproduction. The book opens with the menstrual cycle of apes as a good foundation for the subject areas that follow.  Accordingly, Chapter 2 focuses on the endocrine changes during the stage of pregnancy among apes, specifically the hormonal changes in chimpanzee. Chapter 3 deals mainly on the condition postpartum amenorrhea. In Chapter 4, the reproductive and endocrine development  from fetal development, infancy, juvenile, to puberty  is discussed.   Chapters 5 and 6 thoroughly discuss the female and male apes genital tract and their secretions. The sole topic of Chapter 7 deals mainly with the comparative aspects of ape steroid hormone metabolism. Meanwhile, Chapter 8 tackles laboratory research on apes sexual behavior. The succeeding chapters talk about the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan reproduction in the wild.  Chapters 12 and 13 basically look upon the behaviors of the great apes, specifically intermale competition and sexual selection. The next chapters (14 and 15) look at the necessity of breeding and managing apes in captivity to ensure their continued survival. Lastly, Chapter 16 highlights the significance and great value of apes as models and comparative study in human reproduction.  This book will be of great use to human physiologists, comparative anatomists and zoologists, primatologists, ape breeders, and biomedical scientists.

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Energy Resources through Photochemistry and Catalysis

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Energy Resources through Photochemistry and Catalysis reviews the state of the art in the development of energy conversion devices based on catalytic and photochemical reactions. The focus is on catalysis of redox reactions and their application to the photocleavage of water, reduction of carbon dioxide, and fixation of nitrogen. Some fundamental aspects of catalysis as it relates to processes of light energy harvesting and charge separation in photochemical or photoelectrochemical conversion systems are also discussed.  This monograph is comprised of 16 chapters covering light-induced redox reactions and reaction dynamics in organized assemblies such as micelles, colloidal metals, or semiconductors, together with strategies for molecular engineering of artificial photosynthetic devices. The principles of electrochemical conversion of light energy via semiconductor electrodes or semiconducting particles are also considered. Furthermore, thermodynamic characteristics for some reactions that can be utilized for storage of solar energy in the form of chemical energy are examined. The remaining chapters look at the role of porphyrins in natural and artificial photosynthesis; the use of semiconductor powders and particulate systems for photocatalysis and photosynthesis; and hydrogen-generating solar cells based on platinum-group metal activated photocathodes.  This text will be a useful resource for scientists and policymakers concerned with finding alternative sources of energy.

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The Bacteria: Volume VII: Mechanisms of Adaptation explores the mechanisms of bacterial adaptations and covers topics ranging from bacterial spores, cysts, and stalks to nitrogen fixation, bacterial chemotaxis, bacteriophage growth, and the structure and biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls. The roles of appendages and surface layers in adaptation of bacteria to their environment are also considered, along with cell division in Escherichia coli.  This volume is comprised of nine chapters and begins with a discussion on the structure, properties, formation, and regulation of spores, cysts, and stalks in actinomycetes, blue-green bacteria, myxobacteria, Bacillus, Azotobacter, and Caulobacter. The reader is then introduced to the biochemistry, regulation, genetics, and evolution of nitrogen fixing in organisms; the receptors involved in bacterial chemotaxis and the nature of the sensing mechanism; the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria; and bacterial functions involved in nutrient detection and acquisition. The roles played by organelles and surface layers in the adaptation of bacteria to their environment are also examined. The final chapter deals with the regulation of, and coordination between, the multitude of events involved in cell division in Escherichia coli.  This monograph will be a useful resource for microbiologists, bacteriologists, biochemists, and biologists.

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Geothermal Reservoir Engineering offers a comprehensive account of geothermal reservoir engineering and a guide to the state-of-the-art technology, with emphasis on practicality. Topics covered include well completion and warm-up, flow testing, and field monitoring and management. A case study of a geothermal well in New Zealand is also presented.  Comprised of 10 chapters, this book opens with an overview of geothermal reservoirs and the development of geothermal reservoir engineering as a discipline. The following chapters focus on conceptual models of geothermal fields; simple models that illustrate some of the processes taking place in geothermal reservoirs under exploitation; measurements in a well from spudding-in up to first discharge; and flow measurement. The next chapter provides a case history of one well in the Broadlands Geothermal Field in  New Zealand, with particular reference to its drilling, measurement, discharge, and data analysis/interpretation. The changes that have occurred in exploited geothermal fields are also reviewed. The final chapter considers three major problems of geothermal reservoir engineering: rapid entry of external cooler water, or return of reinjected water, in fractured reservoirs; the effects of exploitation on natural discharges; and subsidence.  This monograph serves as both a text for students and a manual for working professionals in the field of geothermal reservoir engineering. It will also be of interest to engineers and scientists of other disciplines.

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Introduction to Electrodynamics and Radiation

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Introduction to Electrodynamics and Radiation introduces the reader to electrodynamics and radiation, with emphasis on the microscopic theory of electricity and magnetism. Nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics (QED) is presented as a logical outgrowth of the classical theory, both relativistic and nonrelativistic. The advanced mathematical and diagrammatic techniques of the relativistic quantum field theory are also described in a simple and easily understood manner.  Comprised of 16 chapters, this book opens with an overview of the special theory of relativity and some of its consequences. The following chapters deal with classical relativistic electrodynamics, touching on topics such as tensor analysis and Riemannian spaces; radiation from charged particles; radiation scattering from electrons; and the classical theory of charged particles. The second part of the book is entirely quantum mechanical in outlook, beginning with the quantization of the Hamiltonian formulation of classical electrodynamics. The many-body formalism leading to Fock-space techniques is also considered, along with self-energies and renormalization. The final chapter is devoted to the covariant formulation of QED as well as the validity of QED.  This monograph is written primarily for graduate students in elementary classical and quantum mechanics, electricity and magnetism, and modern physics courses.

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The Bacteria, A Treatise on Structure and Function, Volume VIII: Archaebacteria is divided into three major parts and is further subdivided into several chapters. Each part deals with a specific area of study regarding archaebacteria. Part I tackles the biochemical diversity and ecology of archaebacteria, while Part II discusses translation apparatus of these organisms. The last part focuses on archaebacterias general molecular characteristics.  Generally, the physiological, morphological, ecological, and molecular aspects of the archaebacteria are discussed in this volume. This book also covers a historical distinction between prokaryote-eukaryote and the simultaneous development of archaebacteria.  This book is a recommended reference for biologists and scientists who are interested in the unique characteristics of archaebacteria as a very special type of bacteria. These organisms provide a new world for thermophilic organisms and at the same time make experts reexamine their idea of prokaryotes. Their relationship to eukaryotes leads people to believe that archaebacteria are truly a new kingdom of organisms.

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Synthetic Dyes in Biology, Medicine And Chemistry

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Synthetic Dyes in Biology, Medicine and Chemistry is a guide in selecting dyes for special purposes in biology, medicine, chemistry, and other related fields. It aims to help professionals including histologists, cytologists, and other biology and medicine experts, such as chemists and general scientists.  The dyes discussed in this book are categorized in 17 different classes according to the nature of their salt-forming sidechains, the colligators. This book also presents the uses of each dye. The spectral curve, which is the ionic and/or molecular weight of each dye, is also covered in this book. Likewise, this text provides the structural and empirical formulae of the spectral curve.  Part I tackles various groups of dyes. These groups are the non-ionic, anionic, and cationic dyes. The anionic dyes are further grouped as wholly acid, weakly amphoteric, and moderately or strongly amphoteric. The subsequent part deals with the examples of dyes that do not fit the categories mentioned in Part I. These miscellaneous dyes are vat, reactive, disperse, and ingrain dyes. Part III presents the dyes in different tables according to wavelength of maximum absorption and ionic or molecular weight. This book also covers the stabilized diazonium salts and substituted napthols.

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The Bacteria, A Treatise on Structure and Function, Volume X: The Biology of Pseudomonas is generally an update of information already published about pseudomonas. This book contains information that has been discovered since the release of Genetics and Biochemistry of Pseudomonas. Divided into three parts, the book starts with the foundation, which is the biology of the pseudomonas. The next part deals about the genetics, while the last part tackles the biochemistry of pseudomonas.

The first section of this book covers topics including the modern review of the taxonomy of pseudomonas. Other sections include chapters on the important medical applications of features of these bacteria. Chapters on the virulence factors, membrane transport, and plasmids are also presented in this book.

The second section of this book deals with genetics and topics including cloning and regulation of transcription. The metabolic versatility is given recognition in the third section of this book. Moreover, this section thoroughly discusses amino acid metabolism, cytochrome, and hydrocarbon catabolism.

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Chemical Compounds in the Atmosphere deals with the chemistry of organic and inorganic compounds found in the atmosphere, including rare gases and compounds of oxygen and hydrogen, halogenated aromatic compounds, and organometallic compounds. The sources and concentrations of atmospheric trace gases are discussed, along with their chemical reactions and ultimate fates. The compounds are divided into groups on the basis of chemical constituent or chemical structure.  Comprised of 10 chapters, this book opens with an overview of atmospheric composition and atmospheric chemistry, followed by a discussion on inorganic compounds present in the troposphere such as rare gases and compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The next chapters focus on hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes; carbonyl compounds such as ketones and aldehydes; oxygenated and nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organic compounds; organic halogenated compounds such as mercaptans and thiocyanates; and organometallic compounds such as organophosphorus pesticides. The final chapter is a synthesis of data on atmospheric compounds mentioned in this text, with emphasis on their occurrence, sources, oxidation, and lifetimes. The chemistry of acid rain is also considered.  This monograph will be of value to those engaged in atmospheric measurements, theoretical and laboratory studies of chemical parameters relevant to the atmosphere, and air quality assessments.

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Psychopharmacological Agents, Volume III focuses on psychopharmacological agents used for the treatment of mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. The drugs considered include antipsychotic agents, butyrophenones, dephenylbutylpiperidines, 1,4-benzodiazepines, and antidepressants.  Comprised of seven chapters, this volume opens with an overview of the progress that has been made in the therapy of the mentally ill by means of psychopharmacological agents, with emphasis on indole derivatives and miscellaneous compounds such as mepiprazol, metoclopramide, benzothiazinone, and benzothienopyridine. The next chapter focuses on biological factors in the affective disorders and schizophrenia, followed by a discussion on tricyclic antipsychotic agents, butyrophenones and dephenylbutylpiperidines, and antianxiety agents of the benzodiazepine class. Potential central nervous system drugs are also considered briefly, together with electroencephalogram applications in psychopharmacology. The final chapter is devoted to the chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical activity of antidepressant drugs.  This book will be of interest to chemists, pharmacologists, psychiatrists, physicians, and other medical professionals.

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The Bacteria: Volume I: Structure deals with the structure of bacteria and covers topics ranging from the composition and organization of the bacterial protoplasm to the movement of bacteria, morphology of bacterial spores, and bacterial protoplasts. The internal structure and surface layers of the bacterial cell are also discussed together with L-forms of bacteria, bacterial viruses, and localization of bacterial enzymes.  This volume is comprised of 10 chapters and begins with an overview of cell theory and the theory of the unity of biochemistry, followed by an analysis of the composition and organization of the bacterial protoplasm. The next chapter explores the internal structure of bacteria, focusing on the cytoplasm and its surface as well as chromatin bodies. The surface layers of the bacterial cell is then discussed, paying particular attention to the cell wall, along with the movement of bacteria such as the spirochetes. Bacterial movements considered as tactic responses to external stimuli are highlighted. The remaining chapters analyze the development and germination of bacterial spores; the morphology and structure of bacterial protoplasts; L-forms of bacteria; and structure and function of bacterial viruses. This book also presents an antigenic analysis of cell structure before concluding with a chapter on the localization of enzymes in bacteria.  This monograph will be a valuable resource for microbiologists, bacteriologists, biochemists, and biologists.

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Perspectives on Plant Competition is mainly about addressing the many different perspectives in plant competition and finding a common ground among them. Its aim is that through this common ground, new theories can be created.  Encompassing 20 chapters, this book is divided into three parts. Part I, Perspectives on the Determinants of Competitive Success, consists of eight chapters. This section deals mainly on the question of determination of competitive success. Different writers put forward various definitions of competition and competitive success to shed light on the question at hand.  In the second part of this book, an opposing set of views regarding the consequences of competitive interactions for the plant community structure is provided. This section emphasizes the idea that competition is not the sole force in natural communities. Each chapter in this part focuses on a certain aspect of competition as seen in different communities  across and within habitats  and systems.  Part III, which comprises of four chapters, focuses on the competition within the context of interaction of plants with organisms on the other trophic levels. The chapters set forth the idea that competition depends on the impacts of herbivores, parasites, and symbionts. The concluding part of the book greatly emphasizes the need to integrate the mechanisms of competition into the framework of the entire food web.

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Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Volume II: Entoprocts and Lesser Coelomates focuses on the reproduction of smaller groups of marine metazoans. It is organized into nine chapters; each chapter is devoted to a specific marine metazoan. The asexual and sexual reproduction and developmental stages of entoprocta, tardigrada, priapulida, sipuncula, pogonophora, chaetognatha, hemichordata, tunicata, and cephalochordate are discussed.   This book is ideal for marine invertebrate researchers, scientists, and reproduction experts.