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The Bacteria, Volume IV: The Physiology of Growth focuses on the biochemical phenomena that are expressed at the level of the intact microbial cell and of the growing cell. This book explores the structure, metabolism, and biosynthesis of bacteria.  Organized into nine chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the growth requirements, metabolic pathways, individual enzymes, and a variety of other components and functions of the bacterial cell. This text then analyzes the genetic organization of bacteria and explains the nuclear division in bacteria. Other chapters consider the effects of physical environment upon the growth of microorganisms. This book discusses as well the methods for obtaining bacterial cultures by manipulating environmental factors. The final chapter deals with chemotherapeutic drugs, which are valuable tools in the investigation of bacterial organization and function.  Bacteriologists, microbiologists, biochemists, microbial physiologists, and cell physiologists interested in the study of bacteria will find this book extremely useful.

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Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. II: Aerosols, Emulsions, and Surfactants presents papers from the International Conference on Colloids and Surfaces held in San Juan, Puerto Rico on June 21-25, 1976. The book discusses topics on aerosols, emulsions, and surfactants. The text includes papers on the evaluation of the classical theory of nucleation using expansion chamber measurements of the homogeneous nucleation rate of water from the vapor; and the effect of friction-reducing substances on the droplet size distribution from spray nozzles. The rotational relaxation of the Brownian motion; the calculations of unipolar aerosol charging; and the electrochemical measurements in nonionic microemulsions are also encompassed. The book further discusses the structure of microemulsions containing nonionic surfactants; the interactions of surfactants with proteins; and the solubilization of vitamin K and folic acid by micelle-forming surfactants.

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Stability of Parallel Flows provides information pertinent to hydrodynamical stability. This book explores the stability problems that occur in various fields, including electronics, mechanics, oceanography, administration, economics, as well as naval and aeronautical engineering.  Organized into two parts encompassing 10 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the general equations of a two-dimensional incompressible flow. This text then explores the stability of a laminar boundary layer and presents the equation of the inviscid approximation. Other chapters present the general equations governing an incompressible three-dimensional flow, which requires the massive use of a computer. This book discusses as well the experimental studies on the oscillations of the boundary layer wherein the mean flow is affected by the presence of oscillations. The final chapter describes the concept of the stability of turbulent flows found in boundary layers, wakes, and jets.  This book is a valuable resource for physicists, mathematicians, engineers, scientists, and researchers.

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Cycloaddition Reactions of Heterocumulenes reviews cycloaddition reactions, particularly on hetercocumulenes having "four-electron" bonds.   This book discusses the chemical relationship among the various classes of heterocumulenes, including their chemical reactivity which ranges from highly reactive species to nearly inert compounds. This text also investigates the nucleophilic reactions of ketenes and isocyanates with suitable substrates, and if possible, correlates available data with the reactivity of these species in cycloaddition reactions. This book also investigates the cycloaddition reactions of carbon suboxide and other aspects of its chemistry due to the presence of many other interrelated reactions. The synthetic organic chemist should also investigate the application of isocyanate reactions associated with the cumulative double bonds. This text investigates carbodiimides as useful reagents for peptide synthesis, and notes that the stability of carbodiimides increases significantly with sterical hindrance around the cumulative double bond system. This book discusses three compounds that have a central electrophilic carbon atom, namely, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide. The book also describes the cycloaddition reactions of sulfenes, of N-sulfinylamines, of N-sulfinylsulfonamides, and of sulfurdiimides.   This book can prove useful for researchers, technicians, and scientists whose works involve organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and other related fields of chemistry.

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Electronic Digital Computers: Their Use in Science and Engineering describes the principles underlying computer design and operation.   This book describes the various applications of computers, the stages involved in using them, and their limitations. The machine is composed of the hardware which is run by a program. This text describes the use of magnetic drum for storage of data and some computing. The functions and components of the computer include automatic control, memory, input of instructions by using punched cards, and output from resulting information. Computers operate by using numbers represented by the binary system of 0 and 1. Earlier machines used numbers on wheels which were rotated to different positions, perforations in paper, or blackened spots on films. The computer can handle large numbers only to many numerical places: it does this by rounding off numbers "on the right," or by avoidance of numbers greater than the machine can handle "on the left." The book also addresses machine installation, management, and personnel requirements for trouble-free computing.   Computer programmers, engineers, designers of industrial processes, and researchers involved in electrical, computer, or mechanical engineering will find this book informative.

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Solutions to Selected Problems in A Course in Statistical Thermodynamics

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Solutions to Selected Problems In a Course in Statistical Thermodynmics is the companion book to A Course in Statistical Thermodynamics.  This title provides the solutions to a select number of problems contained in the main title.  The problem sets   explores the physical aspects of the methodology of statistical thermodynamics without the use of advanced mathematical methods. This book is divided into 14 chapters that focus on such items as the statistical method to various specialized applications of statistical thermodynamics.

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Cyclobutadiene and Related Compounds describes the four-membered carbocyclic compounds that have only trigonally hybridized carbon atoms in the ring.   The book discusses the chemistry of cyclobutadiene and the substituted cyclobutadienes, including the preparation of cyclobutadiene-metal complexes that can be done in four ways. These are (1) by reaction of acetylenes with transition metal compounds, (2) from cyclobutenyl metal complexes, (3) by transformation of other cyclobutadiene-metal complexes, and (4) by trapping cyclobutadienes with transitional metal compounds. The text also describes cyclobutadiene dianion, the chemistry of the cyclobutadienequinones, the condensed methylenecyclobutene aromatic systems, and the higher aromatic analogs of benzocyclobutadiene. The book cites proofs of the structure of biphenylene using chemical and physical methods. The text also presents theoretical aspects of the cyclobutadiene problem including studies regarding the ?-electronic state of cyclobutadiene; the comparisons of some of these studies; the framework energies and Janh-Teller considerations; and the substituted cyclobutadienes, cyclobutadiene divalent ions, and metal complexes.   This book is suitable for scientists and researchers working in the field of organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and molecular physics.

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The Organic Chemistry of Nickel, Volume II: Organic Synthesis describes the chemistry of the organonickel complexes and the use of nickel in organic synthesis.  Composed of six chapters, this volume starts with discussions on the oligomerization, co-oligomerization, and polymerization of olefins, followed by short accounts of the mechanistically related isomerization and hydrogenation of olefins, as well as the hydrosilylation and hydrocyanation reactions. Chapter II examines the oligomerization of acetylene and substituted alkynes, the co-oligomerization of alkynes with olefins, the related oligomerization of allene, including a number of telomerization reactions involving alkynes or allenes. Chapters III and IV describe the oligomerization, co-oligomerization, and polymerization of butadiene and substituted 1,3-dienes. Chapter V explores the coupling of organic halides in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of zerovalent nickel complexes, and the nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between organic halides and Grignard reagents. Lastly, Chapter VI emphasizes the carbonylation of alkynes, olefins, and organic halides using nickel complexes.  This book will be of great value to organic chemists and researchers who are interested in the application of nickel complexes to organic synthesis.

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Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry V6

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Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Volume VI discusses several topics including bond energies, electron-spin resonance, microwave spectroscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy. This book explores the thermochemical applications to heterocyclic chemistry.   Comprised of five chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the technique of photoelectron spectroscopy. This text then illustrates the various potentialities of photoelectron spectroscopy by discussing four examples taken from the field of heterocyclic compounds. Other chapters determine the magnitudes as well as the lines of action of electric dipole moments in the molecular framework. This book discusses as well the emission of light by individual molecules in solution, particularly heterocyclic molecules, which are electronically excited as a result of the absorption of visible or ultraviolet light. The final chapter deals with the aspects of heats of combustion, heats of hydrogenation, heats of formation, and bond energies.  Heterocyclic chemists, chemists, biochemists, molecular biologists, and researchers will find this book extremely useful.

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Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry V3

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Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Volume III provides information pertinent to ionization constants and ultraviolet spectra. This book discusses the methods for the prediction of ionization constants.  Comprised of seven chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the ionization constants of a number of heterocyclic compounds. This text then describes the procedures that are usually followed when molecular structure determinations based on electron diffraction measurements are carried out. Other chapters consider the concept of group frequencies, which rests upon the experimental fact that certain groups of atom give rise to vibrational transitions which are close or at the same frequency irrespective of the particular molecule in which the group occurs. The final chapter deals with the optical rotatory power, which is the only generally accessible physical property by which enantiomers can be distinguished in isolation.  Heterocyclic chemists, biochemists, molecular biologists, and researchers will find this book extremely useful.

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Spectral Techniques and Fault Detection focuses on the spectral techniques for the analysis, testing, and design of digital devices. This book discusses the error detection and correction in digital devices.   Organized into 10 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the concepts and tools to evaluate the applicability of various spectral approaches and fault-detection techniques to the design. This text then describes the class of generalized Programmable Logic Array configurations called Encoded PLAs. Other chapters consider the two-sided Chrestenson Transform to the analysis of some pattern properties. This book describes as well a certain type of cellular arrays for highly parallel processing, namely, three-dimensional arrays. The final chapter deals with the system design methods that allow and encourage designers to incorporate the necessary distributed error correction throughout any digital system.  This book is a valuable resource for graduate students and engineers working in the fields of logic design, spectral techniques, testing, and self-testing of digital devices.

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Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products

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Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products, Volume I presents the analytical problems and methods for coal and its numerous products. This book discusses the technological importance of the measurement of the physical properties of coal.  Organized into four parts encompassing 19 chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the petrographic analysis of coal wherein it involves two distinctive methods, namely, the reflected light and the transmitted light techniques. This text then discusses the means and methods of reflectance determination and proceeds to outline some of the results obtained and conclusions derived from them about the nature of coal. Other chapters explain the mechanical properties of coal, which are measured in order to predict its behavior in coal mines, coal winning, coal storage, coal comminution, coal handling, briquetting and agglomeration, and several other situations. The final chapter deals with the characterization of the liquid products of coal conversion.  This book is a valuable resource for engineers, scientists, chemists, and researchers.

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Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry V5

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Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Volume V: Handbook of Molecular Dimensions focuses on bond lengths and angles from X-ray crystallography. This book provides a list of known X-ray structure determinations of molecules and ions that contain heterocyclic rings.  Comprised of one chapter, this volume starts with an overview of the use of X-ray diffraction for the study of the geometry of molecules of all types. This text then discusses the three primary reasons for the lack of accuracy in bond lengths and angles determined by X-ray diffraction. This book discusses as well the effect of substitution on the bond lengths and angles in a heterocyclic ring system. The reader is also introduced to the various factors influencing the magnitudes of bond lengths and angles in molecules, which include the degree of hybridization, bond orders, electronegativity, interelectronic repulsion, or the equivalent concepts in terms of which these factors may be expressed.  Heterocyclic chemists, biochemists, molecular biologists, and researchers will find this book useful.

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Dehydrobenzene and Cycloalkynes deals with the problems associated with the production and reactions of dehydrobenzene and of the related fields of dehydroheterocycles and cycloalkynes.   This book also describes the various synthetic applications of dehydrobenzene and provides a list of reactions in which dehydrobenzene occurs as an intermediary. The text explains the generation of dehydrobenzene by cleavage of cyclic systems, by photolytic methods, and by free radical reactions. Nucleophilic and electrophilic monodentate attacks on dehydrobenzene, as well as, bidentate additions to dehydrobenzene yielding cycloadducts. The book also notes that dehydrobenzene is not only a transition state but can be an intermediate of characteristic selectivity and lifetime. The reactions of dehydrobenzene in the gaseous phase affirm that the existence of dehydrobenzene is not restricted to the presence of a solvation shell. The researcher can then study the molecular structure of dehydrobenzene when its existence has been fully established. The text also extends the principle that the dehydroaromatic intermediates can be obtained by abstracting two adjacent hydrogen atoms from an aromatic substrate different from the 1- and 2- positions to arrive at a 1,3- and 1,4-dehydrobenzene.   Researchers and scientists whose works are associated with organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, molecular physics or physical chemistry will find this book valuable.

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Volume 2: Jets, Wakes, and Cavities provides a systematic discussion of jets, wakes, and cavities. This book focuses on the general aspects of ideal fluid theory and examines the engineering applications of fluid dynamics.  Organized into 15 chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the different types of jets and explores the atomization of jets in carburetors in connection with gasoline engine design. This text then emphasizes the formal treatment of special flows and examines the flows that are bounded by flat plates and free streamlines. Other chapters consider the flows that are bounded by the cavity behind a symmetric wedge. This book discusses as well the intuitive momentum and similarity considerations. The final chapter deals with several surprising physical complications.  Mathematician, physicists, engineers, and readers interested in the fields of applied mathematics, experimental physics, hydraulics, and aeronautics will find this book extremely useful.

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Introduction To The Operational Calculus

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Introduction to the Operational Calculus is a translation of "Einfuhrung in die Operatorenrechnung, Second Edition."   This book deals with Heaviside's interpretation, on the Laplace integral, and on Jan Mikusinki's fundamental work "Operational Calculus." Throughout the book, basic algebraic concepts appear as aids to understanding some relevant points of the subject. An important field for research in analysis is asymptotic properties. This text also discusses examples to show the potentialities in applying operational calculus that run beyond ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. In using operational calculus to solve more complicated problems than those of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, the concept of convergence assumes a significant role in the field of operators. This book also extends the Laplace transformation and applies it to non-transformable functions. This text also present three methods in which operational calculus can be modified and become useful in solving specific ranges of problems. These methods pertain to the finite Laplace transformation, to partial differential equations, and to the Volterra integral equations and ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients.   This book can prove valuable for mathematicians, students, and professor of calculus and advanced mathematics.

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Electromagnetism and the Earth's Interior

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Electromagnetism and the Earth's Interior reviews the earth's magnetic fields in terms of physical processes that are occurring in the earth's interior.   The book describes the distribution of the earth's magnetic field in terms of declination, horizontal intensity, and vertical intensity. The dynamo theory concerns the self-exciting electric generation in the interior of the earth, and can account for any geomagnetic secular variation. A workable laboratory modela dynamo mechanism of Lowes and Wilkinson (1963) has a significant role on the dynamo theory for the model actually demonstrated Herzenberg's proof that was developed mathematically. The text also describes various aspects of long-term geomagnetic variations, such as the decrease in the dipole moment, the reversal of the geomagnetic field, the drift of eccentric dipole, the fluctuation in the length of day, and the geomagnetic secular variation. The book also investigates the possible effects of the ocean on geomagnetic variations. The characteristics of transient geomagnetic variations on islands can point to a possible special underground structure.   The book is suitable for geologists, astrophysicists, seismologists, and students of the natural sciences.

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Organic Chemistry, Volume 2: Bridged Aromatic Compounds covers the research studies on cyclophane chemistry, bridged ferrocenes, and other similar compounds.   This volume contains 10 chapters. The first five chapters describe the nomenclature, synthesis, reactions, chemistry, and dissymmetry of bridged aromatic compounds. The subsequent four chapters discuss the application of selected analytical methods to delineate the chemistry of these compounds, including UV and infrared absorption spectroscopy, X-ray methods, and nuclear and electron magnetic resonance. The last chapter provides tabulations of the more common physical properties reported for bridged aromatic compounds.  Organic chemists and researchers and undergraduate and graduate organic chemistry students will greatly appreciate this book.