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Handbook of Microscopy is a manual that deals mainly with the basic instruments and techniques used in light microscopy and its biological applications. A large section is devoted to the study of organic matter in microfossils preserved in rocks, in view of its stratigraphic importance in mining and oil prospecting.  This text is comprised of six chapters; the first of which introduces the reader to the basic principles as well as to the instruments and techniques used in light microscopy. This book also discusses the microscopes and electronic flashlights for photomicrography, along with the use of monochromatic light, stereological and physicochemical microanalysis, microanalysis by electron microscopy, and microdetermination of physical values. Attention then turns to staining and impregnation and methods of fixation, examination, cutting, and mounting. The remaining chapters focus on the microscopy of topological stains and non-specific cytological stains, with emphasis on special methods used in animal and plant histology and protistology and mycological methods in pathology.  This book is written specifically for microscopists.

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Developments in Numerical and Experimental Methods Applied to Tribology

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Proceedings of the 10th LeedsLyon Symposium on Tribology Held at the Institut National des Sciences Appliquees, Lyon, France, 6th9th September 1983

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Developments in Numerical and Experimental Methods Applied to Tribology contains the proceedings of the 10th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology held at the Institut National des Sciences Appliquees in Lyon, France, on September 6-9, 1983. The papers explore developments in numerical and experimental methods used in tribology and cover topics ranging from ferrography and rheology to bearings and bearing dynamics, hydrodynamics, contact phenomena, and plasticity.  The papers are organized into 13 sessions. The first two papers examine the use of ferrography in the analysis of non-ferrous particles as well as some of the methods of obtaining approximate numerical solutions to boundary-value problems that arise in elastohydrodynamic lubrication. The next session is concerned with rheology and contains papers that describe numerical solutions for power law fluids as applied to slider bearings; grease lubricated finite length bearings; and the use of the ball bearing as rheological test device. The papers that follow discuss bearings and their dynamics, oil films on lubricated surfaces, hydrodynamic lubrication, and finite element analysis of transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication. The final session considers plastic deformation, two body abrasion processes, and micropitting and asperity deformation.  This monograph will appeal to tribologists.

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XXIVth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Main Section Lectures Presented at Two Joint Symposia Held During the Above Congress at Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany, 28 September 1973

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XXIVth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, contains lectures presented at the XXIVth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry held at Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany in September 1973.  The book consists of papers discussing a wide range of subjects on pure and applied chemistry. The compendium has papers that deal with methods for the treatment of waste water in theory and practice, combined chemical-biological treatment studies, adsorption and membrane processes.  Chemists will find the book highly informative.

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Materials ScienceSelection of Materials demonstrates how available physical data and knowledge of production methods can be combined at a sufficiently early stage in the design process so as to make a significant contribution toward optimum selection of materials. Topics covered in this book include material properties and material structure to selection criteria; casting technology and powder metallurgy; the economics of forming by machining processes; and factors affecting manufacturing accuracy.  This monograph is comprised of 12 chapters and begins by explaining the application of a systematic working plan for materials selection, with emphasis on the use of test data and decision taking. The chapters that follow deal with the basic strength and property problem for metals and how forming methods, with the help of subsequent treatments, can be chosen to satisfy a particular specification. A review of non-metals such as plastics precedes the final chapters that are specifically orientated to bearing materials and lubricants. In order to provide a satisfactory coverage for these transmission components, the influence of design fundamentals on material and process selection is discussed along with alternative design methods.  This text will be a valuable resource for students and practitioners in the fields of materials science, physics, chemistry, engineering, and metallurgy.

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International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry

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Plasma Chemistry is a collection of papers dealing with chemi-ionization kinetics, elementary chemical processes, kinetics in a non-equilibrium orquasi-equilibrium plasma, and heterogeneous reactions in plasmas of moderate pressure. Several papers discuss spectrometric plasma diagnostics, organic syntheses under plasma conditions, and the survival of plasma chemistry. One paper reviews chemi-ionization reactions, including reactions involving an electronically excited collision partner in which Penning ionization comparisons can be made. The paper also shows that observations made on noble gas metastables do not in apply to reactions of other species. Another paper analyzes the mechanism of plasma chemical reactions occurring under electron impact and through electronic-vibrational excited states. In these states, mutual influence of vibrational relaxation and dissociation becomes significant under low temperature plasma conditions. One paper discusses plasma techniques that have been applied to carry out various types of isomerizations or eliminations with high yields. The paper also shows the possibility of generating reactive species (atoms, radicals, carbenes) by these methods. The collection can prove useful for researchers, technicians, or scientists whose works involve organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and other related fields of chemistry, such as physical chemistry and inorganic chemistry.

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River Pollution 2: Causes and Effects deals mainly with the causes of river pollution and the nature of the various kinds of pollution and their effects upon rivers. This book is an updated version of the first eight chapters of Aspects of River Pollution (first published early in 1957). Owing to the rapid development of the subject and the ever-increasing amount of literature devoted to it, some sections have been virtually rewritten, much new matter has been added, and minor alterations made throughout the text.  This book begins with a review of the long history of river pollution, which can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Separate chapters deal with legal aspects of river pollution; the nature and effects of river pollution; the causes of river pollution; and uses of river water. Subsequent chapters cover the biochemical and physicochemical aspects of river pollution; the impact of river pollution on fishes; and biological aspects of river pollution.

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Instrument Technology, Volume 3: Telemetering and Automatic Control deals with advances in telemetering instruments used in automatic control of industrial processes. The focus is on instruments used to transmit to a control room an indication of the value of a measured variable, and on instruments and mechanisms used to control process variables. The basic physical principles are discussed and the actual instruments are classified according to the principle upon which they are based.  This volume consists of two chapters and begins with an overview of telemetering and pneumatic methods of telemetering. Electrical telemetering systems are described in terms of telemetering by variation of an electrical quantity, balanced bridge systems, and position systems. The second chapter discusses the theory of automatic control and illustrates the automation of temperature control in furnaces. The construction and operation of some of the simple, self-acting process controllers are explained and the more elaborate controllers are described.  This monograph will be useful to students and those involved in the craft and science of instrumentation.

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Economic Analysis in Historical Perspective

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Economic Analysis in Historical Perspective offers a wide discussion on economics and its history. One of the books main principles is to place the several major areas of economic analysis in historical perspective.  The books first topic is about monetary economics; it includes subtopics such as concepts of money, supply and demand of money, monetary control, and rate of interest. The next chapter highlights the economics of welfare, including its nature, modern issues, classical paradigm, and advancements. In Chapter 4, the main topics are public finance, taxes, and the governments role in all of it. This chapter also elaborates on public expenditure, taxation, and income redistribution. In the last remaining chapters, the discussion circles around the topics relevant theories, metrics, and statistics.  The text serves as a valuable reference to undergraduates or postgraduates of economics.

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Taxation and Tax Policies in the Middle East

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Butterworths Studies in International Political Economy

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Taxation and Tax Policies in the Middle East evaluates the general role that tax policies have played in the economic development of the Middle East since 1945 and proposes some recommendations on how fiscal tools could be better used to promote further advancement in this region.  This book is divided into six parts. Part I contains the purpose and outline of the study, while Part II discusses the economic aspects of the major categories of taxes used in most developing countries. The fiscal history and categorical breakdown of the tax profiles of 16 Middle Eastern countries are reviewed in Part III. Part IV analyzes the literature on econometric models that explain differences among countries in tax effort. In Part V, the differences in relative tax efforts across 16 countries with considerations in Islamic history, culture, and natural resource endowment are elaborated. The last part summarizes the entire study.  This publication is a good reference for economists and specialists concerned with the taxation and tax policies in the Middle East.

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Hossein Askari, John Thomas Cummings, Michael Glover, Susan Strange, Ladd Hollist

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Heat Loss from Animals and Man: Assessment and Control represents the Proceedings of the Twentieth Easter School in Agricultural Science, held at the University Of Nottingham in 1973.  The book explores the theme of heat loss, beginning with statements about physical principles and progressing through a review of physiological and behavioral knowledge to a final session on a few of the economic implications of attempting to control human and animal environments. A final chapter focusing on the topic of thermal neutrality, where all participants were asked to comment on is added to the Proceedings in an attempt to reach a common view on this controversial matter.  Physicists, physiologists, and agriculturists will find the text interesting.

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Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium Held by the Uranium Institute, London, 1  3 September, 1982

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Uranium and Nuclear Energy: 1982 compiles and summarizes papers presented at the Seventh International Symposium by The Uranium Institute held in London on September 1-3, 1982.  This book consists of six main topics: nuclear power and energy policy, uranium supply and demand, nuclear power economics and finance, market stability, government policy including non-proliferation, and communications with the public. This compilation specifically discusses Japan's energy strategy and significance of nuclear energy; electrification, economic growth and uranium power; and uranium equation in 1982. The utility procurement policies in the USA, nuclear power for the oil-exporting countries, and past attempts to stabilize other commodity markets are also elaborated. This text likewise covers nuclear energy in the twilight of the oil era and public knowledge of nuclear power.  This publication is suitable for economists, chemists, geologists, and researchers interested in uranium and nuclear energy.

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Ultrasonics International 83 contains the proceedings of the Ultrasonics International Conference held in Halifax, Canada, on July 12-14, 1983. The papers focus on the role of ultrasound in various fields such as non-destructive testing, aerospace, high power, and medicine.  The papers are organized into 24 sessions, which first discuss the applications of ultrasonics in aerospace. The session on non-destructive testing then describes ultrasonic applications including automatic in-motion inspection of the tread of railway wheels by EMA excited Rayleigh waves; effect of material deformation on the velocity of critically refracted shear waves in railroad rail; and crack depth estimation using wideband laser generated surface acoustic waves. The next session is concerned with medical ultrasonics and includes papers exploring the use of reflectivity tomography in attenuating media, wave propagation in biological tissue, and ultrasonic Doppler measurement of blood flow volume rate in the abdomen. The sessions that follow consider acoustic emission, visualization, material characterization, optoacoustics, and the physics of ultrasonics. High power and underwater ultrasonics, acoustic microscopy, transducers, and instrumentation are also discussed.  This monograph will be of value to physicists and other scientists interested in ultrasonics.

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Measurement of Pressure, Level, Flow and Temperature

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Instrument Technology, Volume 1 focuses on the instruments used in the measurement, recording, and control of critical variables in industrial processes. More specifically, measurements of pressure, liquid level in a tank or vessel, flow, and temperature are discussed. Instruments are classified according to the physical principle upon which they are based.  The discussion begins by introducing the reader to the system of units of measurement used throughout the text. This topic is followed by four chapters, each dealing largely with the mathematics and physics of the instruments, which are classified according to the decimal system. The first chapter describes the principles on which the measurement of pressure and the transmission of force by a fluid depend. Before considering the actual methods of measuring pressure, the book first explains the difference between absolute and differential pressure. The second chapter discusses how the level of liquid in a tank or vessel is measured using direct methods and pressure-operated types. The third chapter focuses on the measurement of flow using quantity meters and rate-of-flow meters. The final chapter is concerned with temperatures measured on different thermometers and the two fixed points used to compare such measurements: the lower fixed point (ice-point) and the upper fixed point (steam-point).  This book is intended for instrument and chemical engineers, as well as for students studying both craftsmen and technician courses.

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Information Symposium Measurement and Control Techniques in Rolling

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Information Symposium: Measurement and Control Techniques in Rolling covers the proceedings of the 1981 Information Symposium on Measurement and Control Techniques in Rolling, held in Luxembourg, sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities. This book is organized into five parts encompassing 25 chapters that assess the impact of research and development on steel-making technology.  The opening part presents an overview of the developments in the rolling mill technology and measuring instruments. The next part discusses the requirements and advances in the reheating processes in rolling mills, with a special emphasis on the conditioning of the steel in preparation for the recrystallization and transformation process to obtain the desired mechanical properties of the product.  This part also examines the non-destructive testing techniques for internal and surface defects determination in steel. The third part of this text tackles the progress made in the rolling of long products, particularly in rod, merchant bar, and medium and heavy section rolling lines. The discussion then shifts to various research programs sponsored by the European Economic Community that have made a number of practical contributions to solving problems in the field. The concluding part focuses on the condition monitoring approach to maintenance and the development of monitoring techniques.  This book is of great benefit to steel researchers, designers, engineers, and manufacturers.

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Materials Technology, Volume 2: The Fabrication of Materials deals with the processes of materials fabrication. This book focuses on systems used to transform raw materials into shaped states suitable for practical service. Principles of manufacture are discussed, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method of fabrication and the diverse manufacturing sequences that are possible. The administrative aspects of manufacture are also considered.  This volume is comprised of eight chapters and begins by introducing the reader to casting methods, including solidification casting, gravity-flow mold-filling, and pressurized mold-filling. Emphasis is placed on how materials that are reduced to a liquid state and then solidified can be prepared for service or formed to a useful shape. The chapters that follow explore powder preparation, mixing, compacting, and consolidation; mechanical means of fabrication; fabrication by bonding and machining; and the role of inventors and designers in fabrication. This volume concludes by assessing the economic aspects of fabrication, with particular reference to essential needs, conveniences, and luxuries.  This book will be useful to first-year university undergraduates in engineering technician courses and more specialized technician courses.

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Studies in the Agricultural and Food Sciences

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Mineral Nutrition of Animals reviews the research on the mineral nutrition of animals. This book explores the biological function and metabolism of minerals in the body, as well as mineral feeding of various species of farm animals. Topics range from water metabolism and mineral composition of feeds to the physiological role of macroelements such as calcium and potassium and microelements such as iron and copper.  This text is comprised of 16 chapters; the first of which provides a historical overview of the science of mineral feeding of animals; mineral elements and their function in animal nutrition; and mineral feeding of animals under industrial conditions. The chapters that follow present general information on minerals, describe the link between biogeochemical regions and biochemical ecology, and analyze the factors affecting the mineral composition of animals' bodies. The reader is also introduced to water metabolism and the water requirements of animals; the metabolism of minerals absorbed into the digestive tract; and the kinetics of mineral metabolism in the blood, organs, and tissues. The next section is devoted to mineral feeding of various species of farm animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. This text concludes by looking at methods of controlling the adequacy of farm animals' mineral diet.  This book will be of interest to students and practitioners in agriculture and food science.

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V. I. Georgievskii, B. N. Annenkov, V. T. Samokhin

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Pneumatic Conveying Design Guide is a guide for the design of pneumatic conveying systems and includes detailed data and information on the conveying characteristics of a number of materials with a wide range of properties. This book includes logic diagrams for design procedures and scaling parameters for the conveying line configuration. It also explains how to improve the performance of pneumatic conveyors by optimizing, uprating, and extending the system or adapting it for a change of material.  This book consists of 15 chapters divided into three sections and opens with an overview of the state of the art on pneumatic conveying, along with definitions of the terms used in pneumatic conveying. The next chapter describes the various types of pneumatic conveying systems and the parameters that influence their capabilities in terms of material flow rate and conveying distance. The discussion then turns to feeding and discharging of the conveying line; selection of a pneumatic conveying system for a particular application; and design procedures for pneumatic conveying system. The theory and use of compressed air in pneumatic conveying are also considered, along with the effect of material properties on conveying performance; troubleshooting; and operational problems and some solutions. The final chapter is devoted to the use of bench-scale test methods to determine the material properties relevant to pneumatic conveying.  This monograph is intended for designers and users of pneumatic conveying systems.

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Metallurgical Microscopy provides the general principles, methods, and techniques in metallurgical microscopy.  The book initially provides the techniques for specimen preparation for macroscopic and microscopic examination. Subsequent chapters are devoted to the discussion of light-optical microscopy and photography, interferometry and contrast-raising methods, and microhardness measurement. Topics on high-temperature microscopy, a brief review of the electron microprobe and its applications, and the construction, properties and applications of the electron microscope are presented as well.  Metallurgists and materials scientists will find the book very informative and useful.

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Subcellular Components: Preparation and Fractionation talks about cells and particles' components, including their preparation and fractionation. The book includes theories and answers to questions that are relevant to the study.  The first chapter of the book details various facts about homogenization of mammalian cells. This chapter presents the results of studies on solid tissues and single-cell suspensions; the author then offers his conclusion of the study. The next two chapters highlight the methods on isolating nuclei, including the guides for standard assessment and the procedure of isolation, along with analysis of nuclei biochemical properties. The main topics in Chapter 4 are mitochondria from animal tissues and yeasts; this chapter also discusses the preparation for a rat-liver, blowfly flight-muscle, yeast, and brain mitochondria. The chapter that follows widely talks about lysosomes, including its historical background, centrifugal method, and related topics. In the next several chapters, the topics covered include purification, isolation, preparation, and separation of cells including plasma-membrane, polysomes, ribosomes, microsomes, and microvilli.  The book serves as a great reference for undergraduates and postgraduates in the field, as it contains a thorough discussion of various relevant studies.

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Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium Held by the Uranium Institute, London, 2  4 September, 1981

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Uranium and Nuclear Energy: 1981 is a collection of 27 papers presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Uranium and Nuclear Energy, held by The Uranium Institute, London on September 2-4, 1981. This six-part volume represents a true cross-section of world opinion on nuclear matters.    After briefly discussing the leading problems linked to worlds energy and ideas concerning possible solutions, this book goes on presenting the Uranium Institute analysis on uranium supply and demand, the growth in stockpiles of natural and enriched uranium, and the effect of these stockpiles on the market for natural uranium. Part III examines the principles and applicability of the geological, geophysical, and geochemical uranium exploration techniques, while Part IV highlights the possibility of utilizing nuclear energy in a number of countries, with a particular emphasis on the involvement of public and the organizations in nuclear plant construction for project implementation. Part V considers the controversy in supply assurances in the nuclear field and the prospects of reaching new international consensus concerning uranium utilization. Part VI deals with the growing maturity of the nuclear industry, the nature of the worlds energy crisis, and the plight of the developing countries in nuclear energy.       This book will be of value to nuclear energy researchers and economists.