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Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Series

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Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, Second Edition is a five-chapter text that covers some basic thermodynamic concepts, including thermodynamic system equilibrium, thermodynamic properties, and thermodynamic application to special systems.  Chapter 1 introduces the concept of equilibrium, maximum work of thermodynamic systems, development of Gibbs and Helmholtz functions, thermodynamic system equilibrium, and conditions for stability and spontaneous change. Chapter 2 deals with the general thermodynamic relations for systems of constant chemical composition; the development of Maxwell relations; the derivatives of specific heats; coefficients of h, p, T, Clausius-Clapeyron equations; the Joule-Thomson effect; and application of van der Waals gas-inversion curves to liquefaction system. Chapters 3 and 4 describe the thermodynamics of ideal gases, ideal gas mixtures, and gas mixtures with variable composition. These chapters also discuss processes involving dissociation-Lighthill ideal dissociating gas, extension to ionization and real gas effects, and characteristics of "frozen" and equilibrium flows. Chapter 5 surveys the thermodynamics of elastic systems, surface tension, magnetic systems, reversible electrical cell, and fuel cell. This chapter also provides an introduction to irreversible thermodynamics, Onsager reciprocal relation, and the concept of thermoelectricity.   This book will prove useful to undergraduate mechanical engineering students and other engineering students taking courses in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics.

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Principles of Field Ionization and Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry

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International Series in Analytical Chemistry

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Principles of Field Ionization and Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry delves deeper into field ionization and field desorption.  The book covers the five main subareas of field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry that has grown in importance. Coverage includes the theory of field ionization and field desorption; field ionization and field desorption techniques and sources; high field surface chemistry; kinetics and mechanisms of decompostion of field ions in the gas phase; and qualitative and mixture analysis with field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry.  The text is recommended for students, experts, and researchers in chemistry, especially those who wish to learn more or have an in-depth study about field ionization and field desorption, its principles, and its applications in chemistry.

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The More Developed Realm: A Geography of its Population is concerned with the population geography of the more developed economically advanced countries in the world. This book is organized into five parts encompassing 10 chapters that cover Europe, the Soviet Union, Anglo-America, Japan, and southern hemisphere countries.  After a brief overview of the classification of large scale diversity in the more developed realm, this book goes on describing the relationship between population, culture, and environment. The first part deals with the extent of influence of the three components of population change, namely, mortality, birth, and migration, in the demographic change or population patterns in East-Central and Mediterranean Europe. The second part examines the population growth and spatial redistribution over the vast domain of the USSR, as well as its population characteristics, including nationalities, education, occupation, and rural-urban composition. The remaining three parts explore the development of the spatial arrangement of population, areal population distribution, and population and migration patterns in Anglo-American countries, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.  This book is intended for a wide non-professional audience, including college undergraduates and the general reading public.

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Chemical Transmission of Nerve Impulses: A Historical Sketch is a translation of the French edition ""Les Transmissions chimiques de l'influx nerveux"" published by Gauthier-Villars in Paris.  Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with a discussion on the definition and importance of the phenomenon of chemical transmission, with chapters specifically devoted to both cholinergic and adrenergic ones. This text then elucidates the general organization of the nervous system in vertebrates. The opposition to the theory of chemical transmission and the state of comparative physiology with regard to chemical transmission are also explained.

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Hidden Factors in Technological Change examines the educational implications of living in an advanced technological society and suggests ways in which teaching programs and learning situations in schools might be appropriately reoriented. Trends in technological innovation and design are discussed, along with their likely social, aesthetic, environmental, economic, moral, and political consequences.   This book is comprised of 20 chapters and begins with an assessment of the wider implications of technological innovation from a variety of different viewpoints, with emphasis on television. More specifically, the social, economic, aesthetic, scientific, moral, and political implications of technology are considered. The next section focuses on various aspects of living with technology, including the use of resources, the quality of life in cities, and transport and communication. The consequences of technology for education, especially the school curriculum, are also discussed. Other chapters explore ways in which schools might begin to develop in their pupils critical, informed, and constructive attitudes to the many opportunities and problems associated with technological change, and thereby help to make technology more accountable to society and more responsive to the wishes of ordinary people.  This monograph will be of interest to educators and school administrators, education officials, and science and technology policymakers.

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Edward Semper, Philip Coggin, Harry Armytage

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Anti-Chance: A Reply to Monod's Chance and Necessity is a critique of Jacques Monod's essay on the natural philosophy of modern biology. It explores the concepts of chance and necessity, central themes of Monod's work, and specifically whether life is the result of coincidence of diverse independent chains of causality or, on the contrary, whether it obeys the more fundamental concept of chance as proposed by the Danish School of physicists. Questions such as the chance or the inevitability of it all, the sites and sizes of the knowledge gaps and as to whether they will be filled with physics and chemistry on the one hand or seasoned with metaphysics on the other, are examined.  This book is comprised of 10 chapters and begins with reflections on biology and the argument that biology can only enrich itself by abandoning a teleological or finalist mode of thought. The discussion then turns to probabilities of chance, with emphasis on three different mechanisms of the intervention of chance. Subsequent chapters focus on the link between thermodynamics and biological order; the basis for a theoretical biology and 14 propositions to which the fundamental attributes of cells can be reduced; the molecular basis of instinct; and the relationship between speech and consciousness. The applicability of cybernetics to biological systems and their component metabolic cycles is also considered, along with the structure of chance.   This monograph will be of interest to scientists in fields ranging from biology and natural philosophy to physics, chemistry, and physiology.

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Recommended Reference Materials for Realization of Physicochemical Properties

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Recommended Reference Materials for Realization of Physicochemical Properties deals with recommended reference materials for realization of physicochemical properties, including water, mercury, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, cyclohexane, and trans-bicyclo[4,4,0]decane for density measurement. Nomenclature and units are given, and the methods of measurement are described.  This book first presents the nomenclature and units used in the determination of densities of liquids and solids, followed by a general description of the apparatus and the methods used in the measurement of density, with particular reference to the pycnometric, hydrostatic weighing, magnetic float, and temperature flotation methods. The use of water as a density reference material is then explained, focusing on the isotopic composition of Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) and the absolute density of SMOW as a function of temperature. Problems due to the effect of pressure and dissolved gases on the density of water are also considered. Finally, the use of mercury, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, cyclohexane, and trans-bicyclo[4,4,0]decane as reference materials in density measurement is discussed.  This monograph will be a useful resource for physical chemists and chemistry students.

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Papers Presented at a Meeting of the U.S. Speciality Group on Infrared Detectors

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Infrared Detectors is a collection of papers presented at a meeting of the U.S. Speciality Group on Infrared Detectors and deals with a variety of topics related to infrared detectors, such as PbSnTe diodes and detectors, charge coupled devices (CCD), photodiodes, and HgCdTe photoconductive detectors.  This text has 11 chapters; the first of which investigates the effects of ionizing radiation on CCDs in order to assess their signal processing advantages in a high natural (Van Allen belt) or artificially induced radiation environment. Attention then turns to defects suffered by n-type HgCdTe due to electron irradiation; thermal recovery processes in HgCdTe and PbSnTe photovoltaic detectors; and thermal limitations in PbSnTe detectors. The following papers present experiments that examine the performance of PbSnTe diodes at moderately reduced backgrounds; preparation of vapor grown lead-tin telluride for 814 micrometer photodiodes; and detectivity limits for diffused junction PbSnTe detectors. The optical immersion of HgCdTe photoconductive detectors and far infrared atmospheric transmission measurements conducted in North-Norway are also addressed.  This book will be of interest to researchers and students who want to have a better understanding of how infrared detectors work.

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Reflections on Biochemistry: In Honour of Severo Ochoa offers reflections on a wide range of topics relating to biochemistry, including energy metabolism, lipids and saccharides, regulation, nucleic acids and the genetic code, protein biosynthesis, and cell biology. The essays celebrate Severo Ochoa's outstanding contributions to biochemistry spanning nearly half a century.  This book is comprised of 47 chapters and begins with a biography of Ochoa and his scientific work in the field of biochemistry, particularly his research on intermediary metabolism, RNA synthesis, and the genetic code. The discussion then turns to energy metabolism, photosynthesis, and fermentation, touching on topics such as the role of lactic acid in the development of biochemistry and the biosynthesis of cell components from acetate. The next section is devoted to lipids, saccharides, and cell walls and includes chapters that deal with biotin, sulfur biochemistry, and dipicolinic acid. Subsequent chapters explore hormonal regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis; the structural relationship between genes and enzymes; bacteriophages, colicins, and ribosomes; and cell biology and neurobiology.  This monograph will be of interest to biochemists and students of biochemistry.

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A. Kornberg, B. L. Horecker, L. Cornudella

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Plenary and Sectional Lectures Presented at the International Symposium on Macromolecules (the Third Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky Conference)

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Macromolecular Chemistry  11 is a collection of lectures presented at the International Symposium on Macromolecules (The Third Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky Conference) held in Jerusalem, Israel, on July 13-18, 1975. The papers explore a wide range of topics related to macromolecular chemistry, including polyelectrolytes, biologically active synthetic polymers, and spans of polymer chains. The use of polymers as chemical reagents is also considered.  This book is comprised of 19 chapters and begins with an introduction to the close relation between polyelectrolytes and hydrophilic colloids. A survey of polyelectrolyte knowledge that has accumulated since about 1940 is also presented. The discussion then turns to biologically active synthetic polymers; polymers and other composites; theories of the condensed polymer state; polymer adsorption inferred from electrical double layer measurements; and mobility and conductivity of ions in and into polymeric solids. The structure and viscoelastic properties of ion-containing polymers in the solid state are also examined, along with the use of graphite insertion compounds as chemical reagents in organic chemistry. The results of research on chemical modification of cellulose are also presented.  This monograph will be of interest to chemists.

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Pharmacology of Central Synapses deals with the pharmacology of the central nervous system and the mode of action of neurotropic drugs based on their influence on synaptic transmission. The neuronal structure of the nervous system, the structure of the synapses, and the phenomena of electrochemical transmission are discussed in this context. The main propositions of the synaptic theory of the action of neurotropic drugs, based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical findings, form the conceptual basis of this book.  Comprised of eight chapters, this book examines the effect of neurotropic drugs on the synaptic transmission in reflex, projection, and association (commissural) tracts. The specific effects of various narcotics, neuroleptics, tranquillizers, analgesics, antidepressants, and stimulants on synaptic transmission in various structures of the central nervous system and at its different levels are described. This text also considers the differences in the sensitivity to such drugs of various synapses and their influence on the selectivity of drug action. This book explains the influence of neurotropic drugs on such aspects of nervous activity as impulse summation, after-discharge and functional lability, central inhibition, and the neurochemical mechanisms, particularly those involving monoaminergic, cholinergic, serotoninergic, and GABA-ergic components of synaptic transmission. The final chapter focuses on the effect of psychotropic drugs on behavior.  This book will be helpful to scientists representing all the major areas of pharmacology, including clinical pharmacology and toxicology, as well as to internists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and anesthesiologists.

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Proceedings of the Second International Banff Conference on Man and His Environment. Held in Banff, Canada, May 1922, 1974

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Man and His Environment, Volume 2 covers the proceedings of the Second International Banff Conference of Man and His Environment, held in Banff Springs Hotel, Alberta, Canada on May 19-22, 1974. The conference addresses the broad environmental issues in relation to man and his natural environment.  This book is organized into six sessions encompassing 17 chapters. The first session deals with the continuing development of the Canadian mineral resources and the role of the National Energy Board in the country's energy management. This session also provides an overview of the world hydrocarbon energy resources. The second session discusses various problems in overpopulated and industrially and technologically underdeveloped countries and developments in the environmental restraints on production practices to protect the environment. The subsequent two sessions look into the effects of human activities on his environment. Topics covered in these sessions include the use and misuse of technology; social, economic, and political impact of urbanization; and government environmental policies. The concluding sessions outline the ethical structure of Western Society and the development of a theoretical model of public morality. These topics are followed by discussions on the essential nature of the environmental problems and the systematic relations between the Western culture and Western environment.

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International Series in Natural Philosophy

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Gravitation and Relativity generalizes Isaac Newtons theory of gravitation using the elementary tools of Albert Einsteins special relativity. Topics covered include gravitational waves, martian electrodynamics, relativistic gravitational fields and gravitational forces, the distortion of reference frames, and the precession of the perihelion of Mercury. Black holes and the geometry of spacetime also receive consideration.  This book is comprised of 10 chapters; the first of which briefly reviews special relativity, with the emphasis on the Lorentz covariance of the equations of physics. This topic is then followed by a short discussion on accelerations in the framework of special relativity. Two problems related to the gravitational deflection of light and how to detect a gravitational acceleration by observations within a freely falling laboratory are discussed in this book. The chapters that follow focus on the Eotvos-Dicke experiments that established the identity of inertial and gravitational mass; the equations of electrodynamics and electrostatics; force laws and equations of motion; and the precession of the perihelion of Mercury. The reader is also introduced to the nature of gravitational radiation; its generation and detection; and the relation between the metric tensor and gravitational potentials. The book concludes with a chapter on black holes and how they may manifest themselves to the astronomer.   This monograph will appeal not only to professional physicists but also to undergraduates in physics who want to know a great deal about gravitation and relativity.

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Hybrid Microcircuit Reliability Data provides test and operational data on the hybrid device in both highly summarized and detailed format. Organized into five sections, this book begins with a comparison of hybrid device users' experienced failure rate with predicted failure rate. Subsequent chapters focus on the screening summary for the hybrid devices, as well as the failure classifications involved. A tabulated test data on the device is also shown. This book will provide helpful data for government and industrial use.

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Decision-Making for Schools and Colleges

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Decision-Making for Schools and Colleges contains activities and exercises designed to present decision-making principles to pupils and college students and guide them in their life choices. This book is divided into 16 units that cover the principles, limitations, and objectives of various decision-making programs.  The opening units of this book provide the participants of the decision-making program the means to discriminate between important and unimportant decisions and a glimpse of decision-making in a wider than vocational frame. These topics are followed by the interrelationship between the aims, interests, and value of the program. The subsequent units present certain aspects of information and decision theories and their applications to the construction of Expectancy Tables. These units also provide simulated experiences that may, or may not, be directly applicable to participants eventual job choices. This book also deals with the value of consistent yardsticks for testing information of the written kind and checklist instruments of this kind in vocational and personal decision-making. Other units present the methods of judging a range of alternative courses of action based on their relation to the values and interests of the person who has to take a decision between them. Another unit focuses on various stages of contingency planning, together with their interconnections and the limits of the strategy. Some important and negligible consequences of decisions are tackled based on experiments, personal histories, and structured discussions. The concluding units deal with the structure of a considered decision in terms of the aim, information, and decision.

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Beams, Grillages, Slabs, Plates and Shells

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Optimal Design of Flexural Systems: Beams, Grillages, Slabs, Plates and Shells deals with the optimal design of flexural systems, with emphasis on beams, grillages, slabs, plates, and shells. Analytical methods, plastic design, plane systems, and static problems are covered, together with optimal solutions for all boundary conditions that may be of practical or theoretical interest.  Comprised of nine chapters, this book begins with an introduction to the fundamental concepts of mechanics, the calculus of variations, and optimal design. The next chapters discuss theories of optimal plastic design, along with elastic and prestressed systems; the theory of optimal flexure fields that give an absolute minimum statically admissible "moment volume" for plane systems; and slabs and grillages optimized within various types of geometrical constraints. The final chapter reviews experimental work and certain practical aspects of the optimization of flexural systems.    This monograph should be of interest to graduate students and research workers in structural engineering, architectural science, aerospace technology, solid mechanics, and applied mathematics as well as to practicing engineers and architects engaged in large-scale projects.

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Society, Schools, and Progress in Japan introduces the reader to some of the major features of national education in Japan, with emphasis on the role of schools in society and in promoting progress. The principles of national education are discussed, along with the contribution of education to economic development.  Comprised of eight chapters, this book begins with a historical background on Japanese education from early times to about 1950. The next chapter explains the establishment of statutory principles of national education in Japan in a historical and socio-political context, and examines the problems connected with the aims of national education which have been under the influence of statutory provisions and various other factors in Japanese society. The question of controlling national education in Japan is then considered, paying particular attention to the machinery for policy formation in national education; the systems of educational administration both at the central and local levels; and the dispute arising from the centralization of the control of national education. The book concludes by assessing future prospects for Japanese education, including planning, implementing, and financing educational reform.  This monograph will be of interest to students, teachers, sociologists, school administrators, and educational policymakers.

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Nuclear Fuel Elements: Design, Fabrication and Performance is concerned with the design, fabrication, and performance of nuclear fuel elements, with emphasis on fast reactor fuel elements. Topics range from fuel types and the irradiation behavior of fuels to cladding and duct materials, fuel element design and modeling, fuel element performance testing and qualification, and the performance of water reactor fuels. Fast reactor fuel elements, research and test reactor fuel elements, and unconventional fuel elements are also covered.  This volume consists of 12 chapters and begins with an overview of nuclear reactors and fuel elements, as well as fuel element design and development based on the reactor operator's approach, materials scientist's approach, and interdisciplinary approach. The reader is then introduced to different types of nuclear fuels and their irradiation behavior, considerations for using cladding and duct materials in fuel element design and development, and fuel element design and modeling. The chapters that follow focus on the testing of fuel element performance, experimental techniques and equipment for testing fuel element designs, and the performance of fuels for water reactors. Fuel elements for gas-cooled reactors, fast reactors, and research and test reactors are also described. The book concludes with an assessment of unconventional fuel elements.  This book will be useful to fuel element technologists as well as materials scientists and engineers.

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Combustion Calorimetry deals with expertise knowledge concerning the calorimetry of combustion reactions of an element or compound. After defining the use of units and physical constants, the book discusses the basic principles of combustion calorimetry and the various instruments and calorimeters used in the experiments to measure operations concerning temperatures and its time variations. One paper discusses the theory and design criteria of combustion calorimeter calibration. Another paper discusses the results obtained from a combustion calorimeter after it has measured the energy or enthalpy of combustion of an element or compound.   The book then presents the need to define accurately the exact process in which a measured energy or enthalpy change is acknowledged. One paper then presents how to find an assessment of uncertainty for any experimentally determined value through analysis of random errors and the propagation of errors. Several papers discuss the combustion calorimetry of metals, of organometallic compounds, and of fluorine. One paper presents the technological applications of heat reaction especially in the design of a chemical production plant where a reactor volume should desirably be least expensive. The book then discusses the trends in combustion calorimetry such as the prevalence of a miniaturized bomb combustion calorimetry.   This volume will be beneficial to researches, technicians, and scientists in the field of catalysis, biochemistry, synthetic chemistry, and medicine.

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Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies

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Readings in Managerial Economics is a five-part book that deals with the major subject areas of decision making; forecasting and demand analysis; production and cost; pricing and market structure; and capital budgeting and profit. This book combines a number of diverse articles, selected from recent issues of over fifty leading professional publication. Some of the articles deal principally with theory, some with applications, and some with both.  This book will be useful for students and executives interested in this subject matter.