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Measurement of Pressure, Level, Flow and Temperature

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Instrument Technology, Volume 1 focuses on the instruments used in the measurement, recording, and control of critical variables in industrial processes. More specifically, measurements of pressure, liquid level in a tank or vessel, flow, and temperature are discussed. Instruments are classified according to the physical principle upon which they are based.  The discussion begins by introducing the reader to the system of units of measurement used throughout the text. This topic is followed by four chapters, each dealing largely with the mathematics and physics of the instruments, which are classified according to the decimal system. The first chapter describes the principles on which the measurement of pressure and the transmission of force by a fluid depend. Before considering the actual methods of measuring pressure, the book first explains the difference between absolute and differential pressure. The second chapter discusses how the level of liquid in a tank or vessel is measured using direct methods and pressure-operated types. The third chapter focuses on the measurement of flow using quantity meters and rate-of-flow meters. The final chapter is concerned with temperatures measured on different thermometers and the two fixed points used to compare such measurements: the lower fixed point (ice-point) and the upper fixed point (steam-point).  This book is intended for instrument and chemical engineers, as well as for students studying both craftsmen and technician courses.

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Information Symposium Measurement and Control Techniques in Rolling

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Information Symposium: Measurement and Control Techniques in Rolling covers the proceedings of the 1981 Information Symposium on Measurement and Control Techniques in Rolling, held in Luxembourg, sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities. This book is organized into five parts encompassing 25 chapters that assess the impact of research and development on steel-making technology.  The opening part presents an overview of the developments in the rolling mill technology and measuring instruments. The next part discusses the requirements and advances in the reheating processes in rolling mills, with a special emphasis on the conditioning of the steel in preparation for the recrystallization and transformation process to obtain the desired mechanical properties of the product.  This part also examines the non-destructive testing techniques for internal and surface defects determination in steel. The third part of this text tackles the progress made in the rolling of long products, particularly in rod, merchant bar, and medium and heavy section rolling lines. The discussion then shifts to various research programs sponsored by the European Economic Community that have made a number of practical contributions to solving problems in the field. The concluding part focuses on the condition monitoring approach to maintenance and the development of monitoring techniques.  This book is of great benefit to steel researchers, designers, engineers, and manufacturers.

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Materials Technology, Volume 2: The Fabrication of Materials deals with the processes of materials fabrication. This book focuses on systems used to transform raw materials into shaped states suitable for practical service. Principles of manufacture are discussed, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method of fabrication and the diverse manufacturing sequences that are possible. The administrative aspects of manufacture are also considered.  This volume is comprised of eight chapters and begins by introducing the reader to casting methods, including solidification casting, gravity-flow mold-filling, and pressurized mold-filling. Emphasis is placed on how materials that are reduced to a liquid state and then solidified can be prepared for service or formed to a useful shape. The chapters that follow explore powder preparation, mixing, compacting, and consolidation; mechanical means of fabrication; fabrication by bonding and machining; and the role of inventors and designers in fabrication. This volume concludes by assessing the economic aspects of fabrication, with particular reference to essential needs, conveniences, and luxuries.  This book will be useful to first-year university undergraduates in engineering technician courses and more specialized technician courses.

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Studies in the Agricultural and Food Sciences

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Mineral Nutrition of Animals reviews the research on the mineral nutrition of animals. This book explores the biological function and metabolism of minerals in the body, as well as mineral feeding of various species of farm animals. Topics range from water metabolism and mineral composition of feeds to the physiological role of macroelements such as calcium and potassium and microelements such as iron and copper.  This text is comprised of 16 chapters; the first of which provides a historical overview of the science of mineral feeding of animals; mineral elements and their function in animal nutrition; and mineral feeding of animals under industrial conditions. The chapters that follow present general information on minerals, describe the link between biogeochemical regions and biochemical ecology, and analyze the factors affecting the mineral composition of animals' bodies. The reader is also introduced to water metabolism and the water requirements of animals; the metabolism of minerals absorbed into the digestive tract; and the kinetics of mineral metabolism in the blood, organs, and tissues. The next section is devoted to mineral feeding of various species of farm animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. This text concludes by looking at methods of controlling the adequacy of farm animals' mineral diet.  This book will be of interest to students and practitioners in agriculture and food science.

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V. I. Georgievskii, B. N. Annenkov, V. T. Samokhin

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Pneumatic Conveying Design Guide is a guide for the design of pneumatic conveying systems and includes detailed data and information on the conveying characteristics of a number of materials with a wide range of properties. This book includes logic diagrams for design procedures and scaling parameters for the conveying line configuration. It also explains how to improve the performance of pneumatic conveyors by optimizing, uprating, and extending the system or adapting it for a change of material.  This book consists of 15 chapters divided into three sections and opens with an overview of the state of the art on pneumatic conveying, along with definitions of the terms used in pneumatic conveying. The next chapter describes the various types of pneumatic conveying systems and the parameters that influence their capabilities in terms of material flow rate and conveying distance. The discussion then turns to feeding and discharging of the conveying line; selection of a pneumatic conveying system for a particular application; and design procedures for pneumatic conveying system. The theory and use of compressed air in pneumatic conveying are also considered, along with the effect of material properties on conveying performance; troubleshooting; and operational problems and some solutions. The final chapter is devoted to the use of bench-scale test methods to determine the material properties relevant to pneumatic conveying.  This monograph is intended for designers and users of pneumatic conveying systems.

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Metallurgical Microscopy provides the general principles, methods, and techniques in metallurgical microscopy.  The book initially provides the techniques for specimen preparation for macroscopic and microscopic examination. Subsequent chapters are devoted to the discussion of light-optical microscopy and photography, interferometry and contrast-raising methods, and microhardness measurement. Topics on high-temperature microscopy, a brief review of the electron microprobe and its applications, and the construction, properties and applications of the electron microscope are presented as well.  Metallurgists and materials scientists will find the book very informative and useful.

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Subcellular Components: Preparation and Fractionation talks about cells and particles' components, including their preparation and fractionation. The book includes theories and answers to questions that are relevant to the study.  The first chapter of the book details various facts about homogenization of mammalian cells. This chapter presents the results of studies on solid tissues and single-cell suspensions; the author then offers his conclusion of the study. The next two chapters highlight the methods on isolating nuclei, including the guides for standard assessment and the procedure of isolation, along with analysis of nuclei biochemical properties. The main topics in Chapter 4 are mitochondria from animal tissues and yeasts; this chapter also discusses the preparation for a rat-liver, blowfly flight-muscle, yeast, and brain mitochondria. The chapter that follows widely talks about lysosomes, including its historical background, centrifugal method, and related topics. In the next several chapters, the topics covered include purification, isolation, preparation, and separation of cells including plasma-membrane, polysomes, ribosomes, microsomes, and microvilli.  The book serves as a great reference for undergraduates and postgraduates in the field, as it contains a thorough discussion of various relevant studies.

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Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium Held by the Uranium Institute, London, 2  4 September, 1981

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Uranium and Nuclear Energy: 1981 is a collection of 27 papers presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Uranium and Nuclear Energy, held by The Uranium Institute, London on September 2-4, 1981. This six-part volume represents a true cross-section of world opinion on nuclear matters.    After briefly discussing the leading problems linked to worlds energy and ideas concerning possible solutions, this book goes on presenting the Uranium Institute analysis on uranium supply and demand, the growth in stockpiles of natural and enriched uranium, and the effect of these stockpiles on the market for natural uranium. Part III examines the principles and applicability of the geological, geophysical, and geochemical uranium exploration techniques, while Part IV highlights the possibility of utilizing nuclear energy in a number of countries, with a particular emphasis on the involvement of public and the organizations in nuclear plant construction for project implementation. Part V considers the controversy in supply assurances in the nuclear field and the prospects of reaching new international consensus concerning uranium utilization. Part VI deals with the growing maturity of the nuclear industry, the nature of the worlds energy crisis, and the plight of the developing countries in nuclear energy.       This book will be of value to nuclear energy researchers and economists.

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Immunological Aspects of Reproduction in Mammals

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Immunological Aspects of Reproduction in Mammals contains papers presented during a symposium at the University of Nottingham Easter School. The scholarly presentations provide a wealth of information on the field of reproductive immunology and indicate just how complex this field is and how many questions still remain to be answered.  The book begins with reviews of the current status of the complexities and uncertainties of the cellular basis of the immune response and the structure and function of antibodies. This is followed by separate chapters on the assessment and interpretation of the phenomena surrounding autoimmune and isoimmune reactions to spermatozoa; advances in defining the distribution and degree of exposure of major histocompatibility antigens; the reproductive immunology of the mouse, horse, and sheep; and fetal and neonatal immunity. Subsequent chapters present studies of immunization of several species with either the hypothalamic hormone LH-RH, pituitary gonadotrophins, or ovarian steroids; and studies directed towards efforts to enhance animal production by either active or passive immunization of female farm animals against steroid hormones.  This book will be a valuable reference text for those already involved in the field and a stimulus for others to enter this complex and fascinating area of research.

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Butterworths Monographs in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

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Silicon in Organic Synthesis provides an introduction to the organic chemistry of silicon. This book places particular emphasis on the concept of silicon as a ferryman, mediating the transformation of one wholly organic molecule into another.  The book begins by reviewing the discovery and development of organosilicon compounds. This is followed by separate chapters on the physical properties of organosilicon compounds; the preparation of a-metallated organosilanes, which play a key role in preparative organosilicon chemistry; migration/rearrangement reactions of silicon; the preparation and chemistry of vinylsilanes, allylsilanes, arylsilanes, and organosilyl metallic compounds. Subsequent chapters cover the synthesis of compounds such as alkene, alkynylsilanes, allenylsilanes, silylketenes, alkyl silyl ethers, acyloxysilanes, and silyl enol ethers.  This book aims to serve as a timely introduction to organic chemistry for students and practitioners of synthetic organic chemistry, as well as provide a source of useful information and possibly of new ideas to those already experienced in the area.

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Ernest W. Colvin, Patrick Perlmutter, A D Buckommgham, S Danishefsky

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European Environmental Policy: East and West focuses on areas of cooperation between Eastern and Western Europe in the field of environmental protection. This text explores the various economic and political circumstances in East and West within which the environmental problem arises, and which will determine the possibilities of reaching a solution. This book also examines results and opportunities still open for East-West environmental cooperation.  This text has 10 chapters and begins with a brief presentation of the problem areas, followed by a survey of existing legislative and organizational arrangements. The next chapters analyze the forms of environmental cooperation practiced in Comecon countries; the influence of the structural characteristics of socialist economic integration on collaboration in the environmental field; and the causes of environmental problems that are specific to East and West. The limitations and possibilities of cooperation between East and West are then discussed, with emphasis on sub-regional cooperation between those countries faced with a specific transnational pollution problem, namely, the countries bordering the Baltic and the river Danube.  This book will be of interest to planners and decision makers involved in environmental policy and protection, especially in Europe.

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Semiconductor Opto-Electronics focuses on opto-electronics, covering the basic physical phenomena and device behavior that arise from the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and electrons in a solid.  The first nine chapters of this book are devoted to theoretical topics, discussing the interaction of electromagnetic waves with solids, dispersion theory and absorption processes, magneto-optical effects, and non-linear phenomena. Theories of photo-effects and photo-detectors are treated in detail, including the theories of radiation generation and the behavior of semiconductor lasers and lamps. The rest of this text deals with the group IV elements, III-V compounds, and selection of the most important chalcogenides.  This publication is intended primarily for physicists engaged in academic research or commercial device development and for honors students specializing in solid-state physics.

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Proceedings of Previous Easter Schools in Agricultural Science

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Upgrading Waste for Feeds and Food considers how wasted or underutilized nutrients could be recovered and upgraded in order to make more food available, either directly or through animal intermediaries.  This book assesses what progress had already been made in seeking a solution to the problem of large quantities of food being wasted. The topics discussed include the world outlook for food, sources of food waste, and recovery and utilization of protein from slaughterhouse effluents by chemical precipitation. The silage production, use of microbiological agents in upgrading waste for feed and food, and underutilized proteins for beverages are also elaborated. This text likewise covers the crude pectate gelling agents in heat processed foods and utilization of food wastes as raw material in the pet-food industry.  This publication is a good source for agriculturists, nutritionists, and food technologists concerned with recovering wasted food.

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David Ledward, A. J. Taylor, R. A. Lawrie

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New Perspectives in Adipose Tissue: Structure, Function and Development reviews the state of knowledge on adipose tissue. The book begins with discussions of the anatomy and morphology of adipose tissue. This is followed by separate chapters on the nervous control of circulation and metabolism in white adipose tissue; hormonal regulation of biosynthetic activities in white adipose tissue; hormonal control of lipid degradation; and plasma membrane properties and receptors in white adipose tissue. Subsequent chapters cover topics such as lipoproteins and adipose tissue; brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and energy balance in animals and man; methodological approaches to the study of the adipose tissues; adipose tissue growth following lipectomy; the adipocyte precursor cell; and adipose tissue dysfunction and its consequences.  In addition to being authoritative source material, the chapters presented in this book are wide in their coverage and appeal.

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International Accounting and Transnational Decisions explores a wide range of significant international accounting issues with special reference to the comparative development of national systems of accounting, international accounting standards, transnational financial reporting issues and financial planning and control in the multinational corporation.  The book is organized into five parts. Part I discusses the international dimensions of accounting including both the financial reporting and managerial decision-making perspectives. The second part is concerned with the comparative international aspects of accounting. The Part III presents developments and questions relating to international accounting standards. The fourth part considers a number of selected transnational financial reporting issues of concern both to managers and financial statement users. The last part takes a managerial perspective in its coverage of important problems of transnational financial decision making and control.  Accountants and students of accounting will find the book useful.

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Instrumentation in Process Control details the elements of transducers utilized in doing various measurements. The book also deals with the problems in data gathering from physical processes. The text also examines the different schemes of relaying or showing the data and compares the many ways by which data could be processed.  The first chapter opens with an introduction to the study; it then proceeds to talk about primary measurements and notes the importance of selecting the transducer, having precision in measurements, and having a properly designed system. This chapter also presents various tips with regards to a better measurement and data handling. Chapter 2 is about interpreting a transducer's performance, while the next several chapters revolve around measurements. Measurements discussed include those for temperature, pressure, liquid density, displacement, and flow. The book highlights in Chapter 8 the tachometry and provides in Chapters 9 and 10 the lessons on analogue-to-digital conversions. The last three chapters are reserved for computing corrections, data transmission, and digital control techniques, including the fundamentals of these concepts.  The text is a great reference and beneficial for students, teachers, researchers, and casual readers, as the book offers a wide information on instrumentation.

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Computer-Aided Design International Yearbook 1985 covers developments and trends in computer-aided design. This book examines the role of the computer in making design decisions and surveys the CAD industry. This text also presents a run-down of the latest acquisitions of companies in the field and a survey of the major firms working in CAD. The main part of this yearbook is taken up by a directory of products and vendors and manufacturers of CAD equipment.  This yearbook consists of 13 chapters and begins with a discussion on the importance of computers in design decision-making, as well as historical precedents in the evolutionary stages in the development of human's control over his environment. The next chapter presents an overview of the status of the CAD industry. After providing a profile of Scottish company Lattice Logic, this book turns to Plessey Airports of the UK and its investment in CAD. A directory of products and manufacturers of CAD equipment follows. Entries are organized alphabetically by vendor and are grouped under four headings: turnkey systems, software, system components, and services. This book also provides lists of useful addresses and product indexes.  This monograph will be of interest to CAD users and vendors alike.

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Liquids and Liquid Mixtures, Third Edition explores the equilibrium properties of liquids and liquid mixtures and relates them to the properties of the constituent molecules using the methods of statistical thermodynamics. Topics covered include the critical state, fluid mixtures at high pressures, and the statistical thermodynamics of fluids and mixtures.  This book consists of eight chapters and begins with an overview of the liquid state and the thermodynamic properties of liquids and liquid mixtures, including vapor pressure and heat capacities. The discussion then turns to the thermodynamics of and inequalities at the critical point; measurement of thermodynamic functions in the critical region; experimental values of the critical exponents; and scaling of the free energy. The change of thermodynamic functions with composition is the subject of the next two chapters, followed by an analysis of fluid mixtures at high pressures. The final chapter is devoted to the statistical thermodynamics of fluids and mixtures, paying particular attention to the thermodynamic properties in terms of the forces between the molecules; the balance of intermolecular potentials between like and unlike molecules; and phase behavior.  This monograph will be of interest to students and researchers in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering.

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J S Rowlinson, F L Swinton, Patrick Perlmutter, A D Buckingham, S Danishefsky

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Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics details the rate of reactions catalyzed by different enzymes and the effects of varying the conditions on them.  The book includes the basic principles of chemical kinetics, especially the order of a reaction and its rate constraints. The text also gives an introduction to enzyme kinetics - the idea of an enzyme-substrate complex; the Michaelis-Menten equation; the steady state treatment; and the validity of its assumption. Practical considerations, the derivation of steady-state rate equations, inhibitors and activators, and two-substrate reactions are also explained. Problems after the end of each chapter have also been added, as well as their solutions at the end of the book, to test the readers' learning.  The text is highly recommended for undergraduate students in biochemistry who wish to study about enzymes or focus completely on enzymology, as most of the mathematics used in this book, which have been explained in detail to remove most barriers of understanding, is elementary.

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Metal Resources and Energy was initially aimed at exploring the future availability of metals and the energy required to produce them. During the detailed planning of the book, the authors decided to extend the remit to consider fuel use in relation to resources and future availability. In order to explore this relationship a framework was established which provided an agenda of topics to examine. In the process of systematically working through this agenda a deeper understanding of resource issues and some new insights were obtained.  This book develops a framework for assessing the future availability of metals by first reviewing the activities associated with the production of metals. These can be divided into four broad categories: exploration and establishment, mining, concentrating, and smelting and refining. It then examines factors such as energy economics, forecasting issues, resources and reserves estimation, and trends in technical efficiency. Subsequent chapters deal with the evaluation of fuel use in metals production; the secondary production of metals from scrap and other waste materials; non-technical issues that are potential sources of short-term crises; and other applications of energy data.  This book is intended for final year students of engineering, geology, and economics, all of whom will find all the topics covered relevant to their studies. It attempts to convey the essentials of resource economics, metal production technology, energy analysis, and those aspects of geology and geochemistry which are pertinent to a study of resource issues. The full breadth of topics is covered at a depth which is comprehensible to students from other disciplines.

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P. F. Chapman, F. Roberts, Michael Ashby, J. Charles, A. G. Evans