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American Foreign Policy and Central American Revolutions

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Can Governments Learn? American Foreign Policy and Central American Revolutions examines U.S. foreign policy toward revolutions which use Marxist rhetoric, receive material aid from the Soviet Union, and are directed against a repressive government that has been the beneficiary of substantial material and political assistance from the United States. The case material is drawn from the history of American policy in Latin America; the 1954 overthrow of a leftist government in Guatemala; the evolution of Cuban policy from 1958 to 1962; and the repetition of similar policies in the 1980s.  This book is comprised of seven chapters and begins by reviewing the history of America's failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, Operation MONGOOSE, and the Cuban nuclear confrontation crisis of 1962. The successful use of the Bay of Pigs model in 1954 (against a government in Guatemala) is examined, along with the U.S. government's contract with the Mafia to assassinate Premier Fidel Castro at the time of the Bay of Pigs invasion. The following chapters look at three vectors reflecting the blockage of government learning: the adoption of similar policies across historical encounters; the repetition of collectively self-blocking behavior within the national security decision process; and the repetition of a common syndrome of errors in judgment and perception. The final chapter analyzes American foreign policy toward Central America in the 1980s and offers suggestions to improve the foreign policy learning rate.  This monograph will be of interest to diplomats, politicians, political scientists, and others concerned with international relations.

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Lloyd S. Etheredģe, Richard Brody, Norman J. Ornstein, Paul E. Peterson

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The Environment and Science and Technology Education

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Science and Technology Education and Future Human Needs

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The Environment and Science and Technology Education covers topics on key issues in environmental education; school-based primary and secondary education; and community-based environmental education. The book also discusses topics on tertiary, professional and vocational environmental education and non-formal public environmental education. The text will give practical help to teachers in all countries in order to raise standards of education in those topics essential for development.

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A. V. Baez, G. W. Knamiller, J. C. Smyth

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Getting Ahead Collectively: Grassroots Experiences in Latin America is a seven-chapter book that first discusses certain types of developmental sequences in Latin America. The emergence of cooperative action and the intangible benefits and costs of cooperatives are then explained.   The book also explores the ""intermediate"" organizations that have grown all over Latin America to help low-income people better their condition. The last chapter details the social and political effects of a dense network of grassroots development efforts.

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Proceedings of a Specialised Conference Held in Cardiff, U.K., 1214 September, 1984

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Freshwater Biological Monitoring contains the proceedings of a Specialized Conference held in Cardiff, Wales, on September 12-14, 1984. Contributors explore advances in freshwater biological monitoring, paying particular attention to the interpretation of traditional community surveillance studies by means of the modern computer and multivariate statistical techniques and how such field community responses are related to laboratory studies of pollutants. The design, validation, and use of novel monitoring systems employing plants, invertebrates, and fish are considered, along with developments in the in vitro assessment of mutagenicity of chemicals present in water.  This book is comprised of 16 chapters and begins with a review of issues surrounding the tests used in biological monitoring and the ways in which the information will be used. The discussion then turns to the usefulness of the colonization sampler in collecting macroinvertebrates indicative of river water quality in lowland rivers; biological assessment of water quality and conservation evaluation in Welsh rivers; and water chemistry, benthos, and drift in a fast-flowing river. The following chapters focus on eutrophication in rivers; toxicity testing with freshwater macroinvertebrates; and compliance biomonitoring.  This monograph will be of value to policymakers and environmentalists concerned with water pollution control.

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Modelling and Control of Electric Power Plants

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Proceedings of the IFAC Workshop, Como, Italy, 22-23 September 1983

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Modelling and Control of Electric Power Plants focuses on the modeling and simulation of thermal and nuclear units; the methods and technologies of advanced control systems that are applied in power stations; the design and analysis of man-machine systems; and the processes in power generation.   Contained in the book are the literature of contributors who have done research on design and operation of electric power plants. The book begins with the development of models of electric power plants and nuclear power plants. Simulations, analysis, and studies are conducted to test the processes and controls that are instituted in the operations of these plants. Another part of the discussion focuses on the control mechanisms that are employed in plants. These computer control systems are deemed essential in the operations of these plants. The role that computers play in plants is noted, which is particularly observed in the operation of equipment, control of conditions, and application of operational processes in these areas. Some of the areas in which modeling is carried out include electric power plants, fossil fuel power plants, boilers, and coal plants.  The discussions can be a source of information to those interested in the design, control, and operation of power plants.

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Oil in Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology, Countermeasure Technology

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Proceedings of the Symposium of Oil Pollution in Freshwater, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Oil In Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology, Countermeasure Technology presents the proceedings of the Symposium of Oil Pollution held in Freshwater, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada represents a collection of scientific knowledge on state-of-the-art monitoring and cleanup of oil pollution in fresh waters. The book covers the major subject areas of the physical and chemical fates of oil and petroleum in freshwater environments; biological and ecological effects, biodegradability and microbiological considerations, fate in runoff and wastewater treatment, and aquifer contamination. The book discusses the solubilities of substances from tar sands and heavy oils; the physical and chemical behavior of oils; and the carcinogenic and toxic effects of oil and oil products, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on freshwater communities and ecosystems. The text also describes microbial biodegradability; oil related pollutants in road and urban runoff and during municipal and industrial wastewater treatment; and cleanup and disposal technologies. Oil pollution of aquifers has been thoroughly covered.

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Science and Technology Education and Future Human Needs

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Food, Agriculture and Education covers topics on the most significant for development, namely health; food and agriculture; energy; land, water and mineral resources; industry and technology; the environment; and information transfer. The book discusses agricultural science education for development; agriculture and biology education; and food production and general education. The text also describes the need for continuing education in food and agriculture; nutrition and science education; and food preservation and storage. The continuing education for rural women; nutrition and agricultural education based on biological principles; the aspects of education related to food and agriculture in developing countries; and UNESCO and nutrition education are also considered.

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Microprocessors presents an overview of the state of the art in the field of microprocessors and illustrates, with the aid of patents, its utilization and application.  Organized into six parts, the book begins with an introduction to the microprocessor, microcomputer, and software. Parts I-III focus on program control, digital control, and electrical motor control. Subsequent parts show the medical applications, measuring instruments, and treatment of data in microprocessors.

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Alternative Energy Systems: Electrical Integration and Utilisation covers the proceedings of the conference held at the Coventry (Lanchester) Polytechnic Coventry, England from 10th to 12th of September 1984. The book presents 24 papers that tackle alternative energy systems and their electrical integration and utilization.  The text covers different alternative energy sources, such as hydro, solar, wind, wave, and waste materials. The book discusses the practical, technical, and economic aspects of alternatives energy systems and their electrical integration and utilization.  The book will be of great use to individuals who are interested in the application of alternative energy systems.

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Mike West, Peter White, Brian Loughridge

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Metal Forming and Impact Mechanics reviews significant developments concerning the mechanics of metal forming and impact. Topics covered include the kinematics of steady plane flows in elastoplastic media; contact zone and friction coefficient in hot-rolling; and plastic deformation of porous materials. Developments in the use of superplastic alloys, the use of metal tubes as impact energy absorbers, and fracturing of explosively loaded solids are also discussed.  This book has 18 chapters divided equally between the broad headings of metal forming and impact mechanics. The section on metal forming mechanics includes papers that explore an upper bound approach to metal forming processes; rotary forming of rings under kinematic constraints; and microcomputer programs for rolling and extrolling. The section on impact mechanics examines the use of elementary approximation techniques to study plastic deformation in pulse loaded structures; static and dynamic axial crushing of circular and square tubes; and shear-control fragmentation of explosively loaded steel cylinders.  This monograph will be of value to structural and mechanical engineers, metallurgists, and materials scientists and technologists, as well as to those active in the field of solid mechanics.

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Selected Proceedings from the CAL 85 Symposium

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Advances in Computer Assisted Learning contains selected proceedings from the CAL Symposium on Computer Assisted Learning held at the University of Nottingham in the UK in 1985. This book reviews advances in computer-assisted learning in the areas of curriculum development, visually handicapped and disabled students, project work in schools, television, viewdata and video applications, database applications, and engineering education and training.  This monograph has 35 chapters and opens with a discussion on the computing aspects of interactive video, focusing on the design and production of the software used to control the videodisc developed by the Open University in the UK. The next chapter illustrates a variety of case studies whereby local viewdata has been exploited by both teachers and their pupils in different parts of Europe. Attention then turns to the use of computer-assisted communication in the education of the visually impaired; the use of microcomputers in teaching electronics; and theoretical considerations in selecting software for language arts.  This text will be of interest to educators and policymakers who want to implement computer technology in the classroom.

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Frontiers of Operational Research and Applied Systems Analysis

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Developments in Operational Research reviews developments in operational research (OR) and includes numerical examples to illustrate techniques and applications. Topics covered include some of the most widely used OR ""techniques"", such as mathematical programming and simulation, together with the contribution of OR methodology to specific application areas, such as capital investment appraisal and purchasing.  This book is comprised of seven chapters and begins with an introduction to the state of mathematical programming systems, along with the relevance of other optimization algorithms to OR and techniques for handling certain types of nonlinearity. The discussion then turns to network optimization techniques and their applications for the New Zealand Justice Department as well as for the wheat and dairy industries. The following chapters focus on computer simulation as applied in OR, with emphasis on various approaches to discrete event modeling; application of OR to industrial maintenance and replacement; financial appraisal methods, including discounting methods; and the use of Bayesian decision analysis to decision making. This text concludes by looking at the purchasing function and the limitations of classical stock control theory in practice. Models and procedures are developed to cope with real situations. Materials requirements planning, quantity discounts, price inflation, commodity purchasing decisions, and blending problems are considered.  This monograph will be of interest to planners, decision makers, and others involved in operations research.

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Energy Balances and Energy Accounting, an extract from the book Energy Terminology: A Multilingual Glossary, is a multi-lingual glossary of different terms and concepts related to energy and energy accounting. The definitions covered in this book include general terms and concepts in the study of energy, energy balances, additional energy accounting terms, and energy use.  Concise yet very informative, this book is a good reference for those who are studying or working in the field of physics, those who do not have English as their primary language, and those working in the countries that use French, Spanish, and German as their national language.

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Physics and Technology of Nuclear Materials

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Physics and Technology of Nuclear Materials presents basic information regarding the structure, properties, processing methods, and response to irradiation of the key materials that fission and fusion nuclear reactors have to rely upon.  Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with selectively several fundamentals of nuclear physics. Subsequent chapters focus on the nuclear materials science; nuclear fuel; structural materials; moderator materials employed to ""slow down"" fission neutrons; and neutron highly absorbent materials that serve in reactor's power control. Other chapters explore the cooling agents; fluids carrying the energy to its final stage of conversion into electric power; thermal and biological shielding materials; some outstanding reactor components; and irradiated fuel reprocessing. The last two chapters deal with nuclear material quality inspection by destructive and non-destructive methods, and specific materials envisaged for use in future thermonuclear reactors.  This monograph will be helpful for a wide range of specialists wishing to gear their research and development, education, and other activities toward the field of nuclear power and nuclear technology.

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Recent Developments: Proceeding of the Fourth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference

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Biomedical Engineering IV: Recent Developments contains the proceedings of the Fourth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference held in Jackson, Mississippi on October 11-12, 1985. The purpose of the annual conference is to bring together scientists, engineers, veterinarians, dental and medical personnel, and graduate and undergraduate students of the southern states for the dissemination of advances in biomedical engineering research. Organized into the 12 sessions of the conference, this book begins with a description of biomaterials, instrumentation, modeling, robotics, and corrosion. Other chapters elucidate soft tissue and orthopedics biomechanics, as well as clinical engineering.

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CACGP Symposium on Tropospheric Chemistry with Emphasis on Sulphur and Nitrogen Cycles and the Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation

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CACGP Symposium on Tropospheric Chemistry contains papers presented at the Symposium on ""Tropospheric Chemistry with Emphasis on Sulphur and Nitrogen Cycles and the Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation"".  Organized into 24 chapters, this book begins with a discussion on the trace gas and aerosol measurements at a remote site in the northeast U.S.; satellite measurements of aerosol mass and transport; and measurements of reactive nitrogen compounds in the free troposphere. Subsequent chapters explore kinetic study of reactions of some organic sulfur compounds with OH radicals; analysis of precipitation collected on a sequential basis; and measurements of the chemical composition of stratiform clouds.   The book also discusses sulfur isotope ratio studies in a geothermal region; the oxidation of isoprene in the troposphere; a 2-D model of global aerosol transport; and theoretical studies of intermediates in sulfur oxidation cycle.

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Fracture and Fracture Mechanics: Case Studies contains the proceedings of the Second National Conference on Fracture, held at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa on November 26-27, 1984. This book presents case studies in fracture and fracture mechanics and highlights the problems associated with fracture, failure analysis, and safe design in industries as diverse as mining, power generation, transport, petrochemical, and manufacturing.  This book has 29 chapters divided into five sections and opens with a discussion on the role of professional complacency in bridge failures. The first section is devoted to failure investigation and covers topics ranging from failure analysis of a hydraulic retarder piston to the use of scanning electron microscopy in investigating tungsten carbide-cobalt fractured components. The second section deals with slow crack growth and considers an approach to assessing structural integrity and fatigue failures in vibrating equipment. Failures arising from repair welding and incomplete heat treatment are described. The remaining chapters explore fitness for purpose evaluation of fractures; the environmental effects of fractures; and case studies of failure prevention in industries such as petrochemical, power generation, and transportation.   This monograph will be of interest to structural engineers, metallurgists, and materials scientists and technologists.

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The News Magazine of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

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Chemistry International is a four-chapter news magazine of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).   Chapters 1 and 2 contain the membership lists and alphabetical index of IUPAC bodies 1983-1985. Chapter 3 lists all official programs ofthe Union in operation in its special Committees and in Commissions of the Physical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Macromolecular, Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemistry, and Clinical Chemistry Divisions. The last chapter presents the minutes of the 32nd Council Meeting.

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Educational Research and Policy: How Do They Relate?

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Educational Research and Policy: How do They Relate? contains the proceedings of a four-day symposium held at Wijk, Lidingo-Stockholm in June 1982.  Before presenting the papers reported at the symposium, this book first tackles the main issues in the relationship between policymaking and research. This text also elucidates models of interaction, policy systems, and policy proposals. The papers of the symposium are then presented collectively in the last part. Generalizations derived from empirical cases discussed in the symposium are also shown.

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Analytical Planning: The Organization of Systems deals with systems and planning and suggests a methodological tool for integrating the two. This book presents the basic ideas behind complexity, systems, hierarchies, and prioritization and describes planning as a unique form of decision making with illustrations of some prominent philosophical and methodological approaches. It highlights some shortcomings of traditional approaches to planning and shows how these can be addressed by the systems approach.  This monograph consists of seven chapters and opens with a discussion on the nature of complexity and describes an approach that facilitates the use of creativity and experience to structure complex problems. The next chapter  explains the rationale for systems thinking and how reductionism works. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is then considered, along with its relationship to some of the properties of systems. The remaining chapters focus on ways of thinking about planning and philosophies of planning; strategic planning; and the applicability of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to benefit-cost analysis and resource allocation.  This book is intended for managers, decision makers, and planners, as well as researchers and practitioners in applied mathematics and computer science.

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Thomas L. Saaty, Kevin P. Kearns, E. Y. Rodin