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The Seventh of an Annual Series of Symposia in the Area of Cognition under the Sponsorship of Carnegie-Mellon University

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Information Processing in Children is a collection of papers from the Seventh Annual Series of Symposia in the Area of Cognition. This collection discusses developmental data that are important to a complete theory of human information process and describes information-processing technologies used in developmental function studies. One paper reviews the developments in information processing in children that includes descriptions of the sensory system, intermodal connections, short- and long-term memory. Several papers also discuss developments in the basic mechanisms, such as those relating to perceptual phenomena, equivalence systems, and memory strategies. Several papers then deal with psychological considerations in building a model to cognitive development and learning. An example pertains to information processing tendencies in empirical studies and theoretical implications for cognitive learning abilities. One paper then discusses computer simulation, while another reviews papers written by Cellerier, as well as by Klahr and Wallace, which tackle the role of simulation in developmental research. This compendium can prove helpful for child psychologists, counselors, pediatricians, and child educators and teachers.

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Introductory Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

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Introductory Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences is a workbook on statistical procedures and formulas that are relevant to research and field work. The book explains frequency distributions, graphs, and measures of central tendency. The workbook uses as example hypothetical scores of a test given to students in four universities. The book then has sections on reminders and problems to guide the reader. Other topics the book discusses include measures of variability, transformed scores, probability, and general strategy of inferential statistics. Other subjects the book also covers include inferences about the mean of a single population and testing hypotheses about the differences between the means of two populations. The workbook also includes practice problems on linear correlation, prediction, and other correlational techniques such as the Spearmen rank-order correlation coefficient or the point biserial correlation coefficient. The book also includes review chapters on normal curves, standard error procedures, and inferential statistics. The workbook can be a great aid for students of behavioral and physical sciences where statistics is applied in research and analysis.

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Developments in Psychology and Psychometrics

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Test Design: Developments in Psychology and Psychometrics is a collection of papers that deals with the diverse developments contributing to the psychometrics of test design. Part I is a review of test design including practices being used in test development. Part II deals with design variables from a psychological theory that includes implications of verbal comprehension theories in the role of intelligence and the effects of these implications on goals, design, scoring, and validation of tests. Part III discusses the latent trait models for test design that have numerous advantages in problems involving item banking, test equating, and computerized adaptive testing. One paper explains the use of the linear exponential model for psychometric models in speed test construction. The book discusses the traditional psychometric; the Hunt, Frost, and Lunnerbog theory; and the single-latency distribution model. Part IV examines test designs from the perspective of test developments in the future integrating technology, cognitive science, and psychometric theories. Psychologists, psychometricians, educators, and researchers in the field of human development studies will value this book.

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Lung Development: Biological and Clinical Perspectives, Volume II: Neonatal Respiratory Distress is a collection of papers that addresses the needs of small infants who have respiratory diseases. This volume deals with fetal lung development with emphasis on hyaline membrane disease. This book also presents basic information on pulmonary surfactant in the clinical area, particularly in 1) diagnosis and movement of neonatal respiratory distress; 2) prenatal assessment of fetal lung maturity; and 3) prevention of hyaline membrane disease with corticosteroid therapy. One paper reviews the essential clinical aspects of hyaline membrane disease, while another paper discusses data of the physiology of surfactant from a patient with hyaline membrane disease. Another paper examines the radiology of hyaline membrane disease, transient tachypnea of the newborn, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia; this paper also describes the radiographic techniques to be applied on infants. Other papers cite a treatment using antepartum glucocorticoid, as well as other clinical trials involving antenatal corticosteroid. One paper proposes a design and organization of a multicenter clinical trial that will study the effects of corticosteroid in the development of the human lung. This book can prove useful for pediatricians, specialists in respiratory diseases, and researchers whose work involves cardiovascular medicine and radiology.

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Laboratory Animal Medicine is a compilation of papers that deals with the diseases and biology of major species of animals used in medical research. The book discusses animal medicine, experimental methods and techniques, design and management of animal facilities, and legislation on laboratory animals. Several papers discuss the biology and diseases of mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Another paper addresses the dog and cat as laboratory animals, including sourcing of these animals, housing, feeding, and their nutritional needs, as well as breeding and colony management. The book also describes ungulates as laboratory animals, including topics on sourcing, husbandry, preventive medical treatments, and housing facilities. One paper addresses primates as test animals, covering the biology and diseases of old world primates, Cebidae, and ferrets. Some papers pertain to the treatment, diseases, and needed facilities for birds, amphibians, and fish. Other papers then deal with techniques of experimentation, anesthesia, euthanasia, and some factors (spontaneous diseases) that complicate animal research. The text can prove helpful for scientists, clinical assistants, and researchers whose work involves laboratory animals.

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James G. Fox, Bennett J. Cohen, Franklin M. Loew

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Veterinary Virology deals with basic biomedical virology and the clinical discipline of infectious diseases. The book discusses the principles of virology as effecting future developments in the search for preventive and management of infectious diseases in animals, whether singly or as a whole herd or flock. Part I explains the principles of animal virology including the structure, composition, classification, nomenclature, cultivation, and assay of viruses. This part also discusses viral genetics, replication, and evolution (including mutation and genetic engineering). The book also reviews the pathogenesis of viruses, host resistance and susceptibility, as well as the mechanisms of persistent infections and tumor induction. Part II deals with viruses found in domestic animals; this part also explains in detail the properties, replication methods, pathogenesis, immunity, diagnosis, and control of some common viruses. The book discusses some other families of viruses of which no members are yet known as to have caused serious or important diseases in animals. Veterinarians, immunologists, virologists, molecular researchers, students, and academicians in the discipline of virology and cellular biology, as well as livestock owners will find this book helpful.

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Frank J. Fenner, Peter A. Bachmann, E. Paul J. Gibbs

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Distributional Consequences of Direct Foreign Investment

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Distributional Consequences of Direct Foreign Investment examines the net effect of direct foreign investment (DFI) on both U.S. employment demand in the short run and on the level and distribution of domestic income in the long run. Topics covered range from measurement of home-foreign substitution to the employment impact of DFI and the long-run distributional consequences of overseas investment. Short-run labor market adjustments to unemployment resulting from overseas production transfers are also discussed.   Comprised of nine chapters, this volume begins with a survey of existing studies of the DFI phenomenon that critically evaluates the question of what firms would or could have done in the absence of a DFI alternative. The reader is then introduced to an alternative framework within which to estimate the degree of substitutability of home for foreign production. This framework consists of a microeconomic model of the multinational firm as it operates under two alternative policy regimes, one of which places no restrictions on the firm's activities and the second denies it the option of establishing a foreign production subsidiary. Input-output techniques, together with information on substitutability, are used to obtain estimates of the net employment impact of DFI. A probabilistic model of an industry labor market is also presented. In addition, the book analyzes the effect of technology transfer through licensing on the size and composition of domestic income.  This monograph will be useful to practitioners who employ econometrics and mathematical economics.

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Robert H. Frank, Richard T. Freeman, Karl Shell

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Algebra presents the essentials of algebra with some applications. The emphasis is on practical skills, problem solving, and computational techniques. Topics covered range from equations and inequalities to functions and graphs, polynomial and rational functions, and exponentials and logarithms. Trigonometric functions and complex numbers are also considered, together with exponentials and logarithms.  Comprised of eight chapters, this book begins with a discussion on the fundamentals of algebra, each topic explained, illustrated, and accompanied by an ample set of exercises. The proper use of algebraic notation and practical manipulative skills such as factoring, using exponents and radicals, and simplifying rational expressions is highlighted, along with the most common mistakes in algebra. The reader is then introduced to the solution of linear, quadratic, and other types of equations and systems of equations, as well as the solution of inequalities. Subsequent chapters deal with the most basic functions of algebra: polynomial, rational, exponential, and logarithm. The book concludes with a review of sequences, permutations and combinations, and the binomial theorem, as well as summation and mathematical induction.   This monograph will be a useful resource for undergraduate students of mathematics and algebra.

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The Mathematical Structure of Raster Graphics

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The Mathematical Structure of Raster Graphics presents a mathematical characterization of the structure of raster graphics, a popular and diverse form of computer graphics. The semantics and theory of the mathematical structure of raster graphics are discussed. Notations that help to clarify some of the concepts generally considered to be fundamental to computer graphics are included.   Comprised of seven chapters, this book begins with a description of a general framework for specifying and manipulating scenes. Basic graphic entities, called primitive graphic objects, are defined using a simple notation over a Euclidean space. The reader is then introduced to a semantics of visibility; a mathematical semantics of rendering, developed using the very basic notion of measure; and a mathematical formalization of bit-mapped graphics. A framework for specifying illumination models is also described, along with the complexity of abstract ray tracing.  This monograph will be a useful resource for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and practitioners in the fields of mathematics and computer graphics, and to those with some basic computer graphics background.

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Programming in an Object-Oriented Environment

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Programming in an Object-Oriented Environment provides an in-depth look at the concepts behind the technology of object-oriented programming.  This book explains why object-oriented programming has the potential to vastly improve the productivity of programmers and how to apply this technology in a practical environment. Many programming examples are included, focusing on how different programming languages support the core of object-oriented concepts. C++ is used as the main sample language throughout this text.  This monograph consists of two major parts. Part I provides an introduction to object-oriented concepts, their rationale and their implementation in programming languages. The object-oriented approach to programming in an object-oriented environment is discussed in Part II.  This publication is intended for software professionals who are interested in learning the fundamental concepts of object-oriented programming and how to apply these concepts in a practical computer environment.

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with Linear Algebra and Finite Mathematics

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Introductory College Mathematics: With Linear Algebra and Finite Mathematics is an introduction to college mathematics, with emphasis on linear algebra and finite mathematics. It aims to provide a working knowledge of basic functions (polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric); graphing techniques and the numerical aspects and applications of functions; two- and three-dimensional vector methods; the fundamental ideas of linear algebra; and complex numbers, elementary combinatorics, the binomial theorem, and mathematical induction.  Comprised of 15 chapters, this book begins with a discussion on functions and graphs, paying particular attention to quantities measured in the real number system. The next chapter deals with linear and quadratic functions as well as some of their applications. Tips on graphing are offered. Subsequent chapters focus on polynomial functions, along with graphs of factored polynomials; rational functions; exponential and logarithm functions; and trigonometric functions. Identities and inverse functions, vectors and matrices, and trigonometry are also explored, together with complex numbers, linear transformations, and the geometry of space. The book concludes by considering finite mathematics, with particular reference to mathematical induction and the binomial theorem.  This monograph will be a useful resource for undergraduate students of mathematics and algebra.

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Perspectives in Biometrics is a collection of articles that deals with the state of active and important research area in the field of biometrics, as well as the methodological aspects of particular biometrical data analyses. The book reviews the statistical analysis of a large data base by using interactive computing and data analysis facilities as shown in the Albany Heart Study. One paper presents a survey of adaptive sampling techniques used in clinical trials, while another discusses computer-aided prognosis that can be useful in predicting the survival rate after the diagnosis and treatment of a serious disease. Another paper explains the use and interpretation of multivariate methods used in classifying the different stages encountered in infectious diseases of the critically ill. For example, the data bank in the Clinical Research CenterAcute is analyzed for a set of measurements that are then inputted in a computer base for later retrieval. The book also discusses "nonparametric estimation" that concerns estimates of distribution densities and cumulatives, as well as the use of "percentile points" to obtain decision rules in parametrization problems. The text can prove valuable for statisticians, students, and professors of calculus and advanced mathematics.

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Continuum Physics: Volume 1  Mathematics is a collection of papers that discusses certain selected mathematical methods used in the study of continuum physics. Papers in this collection deal with developments in mathematics in continuum physics and its applications such as, group theory functional analysis, theory of invariants, and stochastic processes. Part I explains tensor analysis, including the geometry of subspaces and the geometry of Finsler. Part II discusses group theory, which also covers lattices, morphisms, and crystallographic groups. Part III reviews the theory of invariants that includes isotrophy, transverse isotrophy, and nonpolynomial invariants. Part IV explains functional analysis that also includes set theory, vector spaces, topological spaces, and topological vector spaces. Part V deals with analytic function theory and covers topics, such as Cauchy's theorem, the residue theorem, and the Plemelj formulas. Part VI reviews the elements of stochastic processes and cites some examples where stochastic theory is applied. This book can be valuable for researchers and scientists involved in nuclear physicists, students, and academicians in the field of advanced physics.

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Elastodynamics, Volume II: Linear Theory is a continuation of Volume I and discusses the dynamical theory of linear isotropic elasticity. The volume deals with the fundamental theorems regarding elastodynamics and the different mathematical methods of solution and their employment in one, two, and three dimensions. The text outlines the fundamentals of linear elastodynamics and explains basic equations, displacement formulation, stress formulation, and the uniqueness theorem of elastodynamics. The book also investigates elastodynamic problems involving one-space dimension in governing boundaries, equations, and initial conditions. The book then compares two-dimensional problems as being subject to more precise mathematical analysis compared to three-dimensional situations by using scalar wave equations. The text then analyzes elastodynamic problems in three space dimensions when the solution depends on the condition of separability of the vector wave equation and the satisfaction of the boundary conditions. The diffraction of elastic waves is also described using two approaches: the integral equation method or the Eigen function technique. The book can prove valuable to researchers and practitioners whose work involves advanced statistics, general physics, and thermodynamics.

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Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers

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Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers is a collection of papers that deals with knowledge base of programs exhibiting some operational aspects of understanding. One paper reviews network formalism that utilizes unobstructed semantics, independent of the domain to which it is applied, that is also capable of handling significant epistemological relationships of concept structuring, attribute/value inheritance, multiple descriptions. Another paper explains network notations that encode taxonomic information; general statements involving quantification; information about processes and procedures; the delineation of local contexts, as well as the relationships between syntactic units and their interpretations. One paper shows that networks can be designed to be intuitively and formally interpretable. Network formalisms are computer-oriented logics which become distinctly significant when access paths from concepts to propositions are built into them. One feature of a topical network organization is its potential for learning. If one topic is too large, it could be broken down where groupings of propositions under the split topics are then based on "co-usage" statistics. As an example, one paper cites the University of Maryland artificial intelligence (AI) group which investigates the control and interaction of a meaning-based parser. The group also analyzes the inferences and predictions from a number of levels based on mundane inferences of actions and causes that can be used in AI. The collection can be useful for computer engineers, computer programmers, mathematicians, and researchers who are working on artificial intelligence.

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Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Liquids

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Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Liquids deals with theoretical rheology. The book discusses nonlinear response of systems and outlines the statistical mechanical theory. In discussing the framework of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, the book explains the derivation of a nonequilibrium analogue of the Gibbsian basis for equilibrium statistical mechanics. The book reviews the linear irreversible thermodynamics, the Liouville equation, and the Irving-Kirkwood procedure. The text then explains the Green-Kubo relations used in linear transport coefficients, the linear response theory, the isothermal linear response theory, as well as the equivalence of thermostatted linear responses. The book also describes how thermostatted linear mechanical response of many-body systems can be related to equilibrium fluctuations. The text explains the procedure for calculating the linear Navier-Stokes transport coefficients through computer simulation algorithms. The book also discusses the van Kampen objection to linear response theory, the steady-state fluctuations, and the thermodynamics of steady states. The text will prove valuable for researchers in molecular chemistry, scientists, and academicians involved in advanced physics.

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Denis J. Evans, Gary P. Morriss, D. P. Craig, R. McWeeny

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From Pixels to Animation: An Introduction to Graphics Programming deals with the C programming language, particularly for the Borland C and Microsoft C languages. The book reviews the basics of graphics programming, including graphics hardware, graphs, charts, changing colors, 3D graphics, high level functions provided by Borland and Microsoft C. The text also explains low-level graphics, getting around the limitations of standard, graphics libraries, SVGA programming, and creating graphics functions. Advanced topics include linear transformations, ray tracing, and fractals. The book explains in detail the aspect ratio of pixels (length of the pixel dot divided by its width), pixel colors, line styles, and the functions to create the graphic. The text also describes the presentation of a three-dimensional object by using perspective, shading, and texturing. Between the operating system, which carries out the instruction of the program, and the hardware, which displays the output of the program, is the Basic Input/Output Services (BIOS). The BIOS is a set of routine instruction inside the different parts or hardware devices in the computer. The book explains programing animation effects by utilizing routines provided by Microsoft or Borland. The text also notes that a programmer can create good animation effects by directly addressing the graphics adapter, bypassing the BIOS or the high-level routines created by Microsoft or Borland. The book is suitable for beginning programmers, computer science, operators, animators, and artists involved with computer aided designs.

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Words That Succeed and Policies That Fail

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Political Language: Words That Succeed and Policies That Fail deals with chronic inequalities of a smaller portion of the population getting more. The book discusses the persistence of poverty and greater inequalities in a democratic society such as the United States. The text reviews the chronic problems and the various beliefs found in American society, and also notes the general acceptance of the large differences in the quality of life of the people, which includes political power and autonomy. The book then defines perception of the political spectator and explains the linguistic generation of assumptions (taking for granted), linguistic reconstruction of facts (cover-ups), and the linguistic segmentation of politics (distinct from ordinary world). The text then emphasizes the language of inquiry, of authority, of participation, and of resistance as leading to free inquiry and experimentation or political loyalty. The selection can prove beneficial for political students, economists, educators, sociologists, and members of ministerial affairs related to population and economics.

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Patterns of Selection and Influence in Secondary Schools

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Friends in School: Patterns of Selection and Influence in Secondary Schools is a collection of research and commentaries that focuses on the connections between the social organization of schools and classrooms, the social processes of peer association, friendship selection, as well as the social development of students. The papers center around the topic on simultaneous influence of developmental and environmental factors on adolescent friendships. One paper examines the various theories of adolescent friendships: that differences exist between theories applied to, and theories generated from the experiences of different age groups. Another paper discusses the patterns of selection of friends and the characteristics of selected friends in high- and low-participatory schools. One paper explains the components of a contact theory and of cooperative learning methods in terms of their impact on intergroup relations. Another paper reviews sex differences in forming and maintaining friendships based on earlier studies made on the subject. The paper focuses on environmental and developmental points on how sex differences and school organization can interact on the student's adjustment to transition or growth. One paper notes that peer and friendship groups can be positive forces in the classroom to advance the goals of the teachers, students, and school, but the decision should depend on the teacher's knowledge of organizational structure, group processes, and on the desired outcome of the educational activity. The collection is suitable for teachers, child educators, school counselors, school administrators, psychologists and sociologists.

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The Regulatory Process and Labor Earnings

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The Regulatory Process and Labor Earnings focuses on one form of government intervention in the marketplacestate regulation of public utilities.  This book provides the most comprehensive study of labor costs in a regulated industry and includes a summary of a major econometric study. This text addresses a number of related issues, such as the effect of regulatory process to the structure of collective bargaining and labor earnings in regulated industries, legal rights of state utility commissions to deny proposed rate increases that are based on excessive upturns in labor cost, and incentive schemes that can be used to encourage public utilities to hold down labor and non-labor cost increases.  This publication is a good reference for students and individuals involved in the regulatory process.