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Probabilistic Programming discusses a high-level language known as probabilistic programming.  This book consists of three chapters. Chapter I deals with wait-and-see problems that require waiting until an observation is made on the random elements, while Chapter II contains the analysis of decision problems, particularly of so-called two-stage problems. The last chapter focuses on chance constraints, such as constraints that are not expected to be always satisfied, but only in a proportion of cases or with given probabilities.  This text specifically deliberates the decision regions for optimality, probability distributions, Kall's Theorem, and two-stage programming under uncertainty. The complete problem, active approach, quantile rules, randomized decisions, and nonzero order rules are also covered.  This publication is suitable for developers aiming to define and automatically solve probability models.

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Pathobiology of Cell Membranes, Volume II, is the second in a multivolume treatise on pathobiological aspects of cell membranes that aims to give the reader an overview of developments concerning the role of altered cell membranes in various pathological processes. This volume includes not only information on pathobiological aspects of cell membranes as studied at the molecular and subcellular level but also important new advances in the role of membranes in human diseases such as multiple sclerosis, shock lung, muscle dystrophies, and hematological disorders.  The book begins by discussing a very important and yet poorly known aspect of cellular metabolism; namely, the compartmentalization of intracellular cations such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium. This is followed by separate chapters on fundamentals of membrane conformational changes in the erythrocyte model; the structure and function of peroxisomes and their role in disease processes; the use of invertebrate models for studies of pathological reactions; and reactions of lysosomes to cellular injury. Subsequent chapters deal with the pathology of skeletal muscle membranes; the shock lung syndrome; cellular mechanisms involved in jaundice and cholestasis; and pathology of the endothelium.

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Screening Methods in Pharmacology, Volume II is a collection of papers that presents practical techniques and information on the selection of a screening program for a particular pharmacological activity.  The book contains the most reliable, simplest, and the most preferred screening methods in pharmacology. The text presents screening methods for alpha and beta Adrenergic blocking agents; compounds for antianginal activity; topical products for excessive eccrine sweating; antidepressant agents; and agents with analgesic and analgesic antagonist activity.  Pharmacologists, pharmacists, researchers, and physicians will find this book a good source of information.

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Cardiovascular Review 1983 is an attempt to assimilate most of the clinically germane English-speaking cardiologie literature in as concise and timely a format as possible. Thus, this textual compendium of individual reports represents as current a summary of cardiologic thinking as the publishing process will allow. With 1625 references having been added to the 1982 edition, bringing the total to almost 7000, the Review constitutes not only as ready and comprehensive an updated reference as is probably available, but also a bibliographic resource.  The table of contents has been constructed to reflect the order in which the preponderance of cardiologic literature appears. Thus, ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, and conduction defects have been assigned a high priority reflected by their location in the first few sections of this book. Thereafter, topics ranging from acromegaly to tumors of the heart have been addressed in alphabetical order.

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Gerald C. Timmis, Douglas C. Westveer, James R. Stewart

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Essays in General Relativity: A Festschrift for Abraham Taub is collection of essays to honor Professor Abraham H. Taub on the occasion of his retirement from the mathematics faculty of the University of California at Berkeley. Relativistic hydrodynamics has always been a subject dear to Taub's heart. In fact, many basic results on special relativistic fluid flows are due to him, and he has been a major contributor to the study of fluid flows near shocks.  The book contains 16 chapters and begins with a discussion of a geometrical approach to general relativity. This is followed by separate chapters that examine the topology of the space-time manifold representing a stellar model; the notion of an ""external return"" in the context of general relativity; and the standard two-surface integral formulation of gravitational energy and momentum. Subsequent chapters deal with tidal forces in a highly asymmetric Taub universe; derivation of theoretical upper limits on the strengths of the gravitational waves that bathe the Earth; and a new formulation of Lagrangian general relativistic hydrodynamics.

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Trade, Stability, Technology, and Equity in Latin America

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Trade, Stability, Technology, and Equity in Latin America provides information pertinent to the substantial social and economic progress in Latin America. This book covers a variety of topics, including international trade, technology, equity, external instability, and stabilization and growth.  Organized into five parts encompassing 21 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the purchasing power parity theory of exchange rate determination and the law of one price. This text then provides a discussion of extending the monetary approach to the balance of payments to incorporate terms of trade effects. Other chapters consider the experience with the promotion of labor-intensive exports of manufacturers. This book discusses as well the pros and cons of external debt in Latin American development. The final chapter deals with economic development and provides an examination of basic needs, income distribution, and employment.  This book is a valuable resource for policy makers, industrialists, economists, and structuralists.

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Finance Constraints and the Theory of Money

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Finance Constraints and the Theory of Money: Selected Papers gathers together the work of S. C. Tsiang, one of the most cogent critics of the Keynesian stock approach to money in all its forms and one of the foremost champions of the flow approach. Tsiang's papers focus on finance constraints and the theory of money, tackling topics such as the role of money in trade-balance stability and the monetary theoretic foundation of the modern monetary approach to the balance of payments, as well as the diffusion of reserves and the money supply multiplier.  Comprised of 17 chapters, this volume begins by providing a background to  the development of Tsiang's thinking on monetary theory and why he objected to the Keynesian stock equilibrium approach to money. The reader is then introduced to speculation and income stability; misconceptions in monetary theory and their influences on financial and banking practices; and liquidity preference in general equilibrium analysis. Subsequent chapters deal with the optimum supply of money; the total inadequacy of "Keynesian" balance of payments theory; and the rationale of the mean-standard deviation analysis, skewness preference, and the demand for money.   This book will be a useful resource for practitioners interested in economic theory, econometrics, and mathematical economics.

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Social Demography focuses on selected topics on social science research on population. The papers included in the book are compiled from a conference sponsored by the Center for Population Research, held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in June 1975.  The book compiles various findings in social and behavioral research. Chapters explore topics on trend analysis; the sociological meaning of age, and the social-psychological processes of reproductive behavior; analysis of certain aspects of the spatial organization of metropolitan activities; the changing racial stratification; and the future of research in social demography.  Demographers, sociologists, and political and economic policy makers will find the book as a good source of insights.

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Karl E. Taeuber, Larry L. Bumpass, James A. Sweet

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Advanced Technologies and Economic Analyses

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Forest Products: Advanced Technologies and Economic Analyses is designed to address certain issues associated with technological advancements in the forest products industry. In addressing those advanced technologies, this book provides the following: (1) a review of the state of the industry; (2) a proposed technique for innovation analysis and the basic parameters necessary for such analysis; (3) a review of many of the possible innovations available to the forest industry; and (4) detailed evaluations of a few selected potential innovations.  The book begins with discussions of the challenges faced by the forest products industry and an analysis of forest products industry investments. These are followed by separate chapters on the discount rate for current forest industry investments; discount rates for new technologies in the forest products industry; advanced pulping systems; advanced processes for lumber manufacturing; and advanced technologies for producing energy, chemical and related products made from wood.

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Trace Analysis, Volume 4 presents critical discussions of selected topics in organic and inorganic analytical chemistry including instrumentation, techniques, and applications to the detection, identification, and quantitation of trace quantities of substances in a large variety of sample materials.  The volume is directed towards topics in the trace analysis of biological materials and environmental samples. Chapters are devoted to discussions on developments and applications of ion-selective polymeric membrane electrodes for biological tissues and fluids; evaluation of X-ray emission spectroscopy for trace analysis; the use of solid adsorbents for pre-concentrating trace organic substances, mainly pollutants, from air; and comparison of neutron activation analysis and proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy for the determination of trace elements in rain and snow.  Organic and inorganic chemists, medical technicians, and ecologists will find the book a good reference material.

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Bioelectric Recording Techniques Part B: Electroencephalography and Human Brain Potentials is part of the multivolume series Methods in Physiological Psychology. The series begins with the treatment of bioelectric recording techniques in three volumes (Parts A, B, and C). Part B deals with electroencephalography (EEG) and peripheral recording of brain events in man.  The book is organized into three parts. The first part deals with EEG recording in animals and man, beginning with a historical review of EEG recording and a comprehensive discussion of modern techniques and experimental problems in recording brain potentials. Also covered are techniques of human EEG recording and abnormal brain activity. The second part deals with evoked human brain potentials. These include a comprehensive discussion of procedures for stimulation and recording of human averaged evoked potentials; methods of analysis of EEG and evoked activity; and the influence of psychological variables and processes on the human averaged evoked scalp potential. The third part treats the contingent negative variation (CNV). This scalp recorded response has occasioned much recent interest, in part because it appears to correlate with ""psychological"" processes.

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Richard F. Thompson, Michael M. Patterson

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Rhythmic Phenomena in Plants, Second Edition focuses on the study of biological clocks in all kinds of plants, from unicellular algae to flowering trees.  This book discusses the patterns of plant movement, parameters of rhythms and how to calculate them, and rhythms that match and do not match environmental periodicities. The mechanism of circadian timing, circadian rhythms in angiosperms, comparison between dinoflagellates and other rhythmic organisms, and semilunar and lunar rhythms are also elaborated. This publication likewise covers the measurement of day length in photoperiodism, circannian rhythms in plants, oscillations with short periods in leaves and roots, and streaming in a slime mold.  This edition is valuable to biologists intending to contribute to the study of biological timing.

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Pathobiology of Cell Membranes, Volume I, represents the first in a multivolume treatise designed for pathologists and cell biologists interested in the role of membrane alterations in disease processes. The treatise will emphasize concepts related to membrane alterations in cell injury as well as methods for elucidating such changes.  The book begins with a discussion of the general conceptual aspects of cell injury and some details about the role of membrane alterations in the pathogenesis of both lethal and sublethal cellular reactions. This is followed by separate chapters on applications of circular dichroism to the study of membranes; a cell injury mechanism involving membrane components at the molecular level; and fundamental aspects of cell volume regulation and the modification of this regulation by primary or secondary damage of the cell membrane. Subsequent chapters deal with comparative roles of lysosomal and other membrane damage in cell injury; the role of membrane movements and various types of lysosome formation; toxic effects on mitochondrial membranes; and the concept of a biological membrane in health and disease at the tissue level.

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Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research

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Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research gathers together the various strands of thinking and research on impression management. This book does not easily lend itself to a singular organization. Not only do the authors deal with very different topics, they sometimes disagree with one another on assumptions and interpretations. Nevertheless, there are chapters that tend to group together.  The book can be organized into six parts. Part I, General Theory, consists of chapters that deal primarily with issues related to the reasons for, and specific tactics of, impression management.  Part II, Impression Management and Laboratory Research, includes two chapters that make a major contribution to the social psychology of the experiment.  Part III, Attitudes as Tactics of Self-Presentation, centers around the concept of attitudes. The chapters in Part IV, Self-Presentation and Harm-Doing, are organized around the theme of harm-doing. Part V, Bargaining, Distributive Justice, and Impression Management, focuses on the distribution of rewards in groups. Part VI, Individual Differences and Impression Management, is concerned with individual differences such as mental illness, social anxiety, and shyness.

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Diseases of Shade Trees provides an introduction to tree diseases for students and others concerned with the care of shade and ornamental trees. Diseases of woody plants fall into two major categories: infectious diseases and noninfectious diseases. Part I of the book presents the infectious pathogens and the diseases they cause. These include bacteria, mycoplasmas, nematodes, seed plants, and viruses. The nature of the fungi is also presented, with separate chapters for leaf, root, rust, stem, and wilt diseases caused by fungi. Wound diseases, which are associated with both fungi and bacteria that invade wounds, are included in this section. Part II deals with noninfectious agents and the diseases they cause. Noninfectious agents are separated into environmental stress, animal injury, and people-pressure diseases. Diebacks and declinescomplex diseases, which are often caused by a combination of both infectious and noninfectious agents are also included in this section. Part III on special topics includes discussions of nonpathogenic conditions often mistaken for diseases; diagnosis of tree diseases; and living hazard trees.

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Cholinergic Ligand Interactions presents the papers read at a symposium held at the State University of New York at Buffalo, 25-26 May 1970. The recent purification and crystallization of acetylcholinesterase together with real progress in the purification of receptor components indicated the desirability of organizing a symposium to discuss not only these aspects but also the structural bases for cholinergic ligand interaction with these macromolecules, the conformational changes involved with ligand binding, the quantitation of cholinergic ligand binding sites, and the roles of acetylcholinesterase and its isozymes in muscle disease.  The volume contains nine chapters and begins with a study on possible conformational changes in acetylcholinesterase. This is followed by separate chapters on the subunits of acetylcholinesterase; in vitro studies with the cholinergic receptor of the eel electroplax; identification and isolation of acetylcholine receptors; assay and properties of essential (junctional) cholinesterases of the rat diaphragm; and structural variations in cholinergic ligands. Subsequent chapters deal with ligand interactions at the muscarinic receptors and changes in cholinesterases isozymes during normal and dystrophic muscle development.

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D. J. Triggle, J.F. Moran, E. A. Barnard

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Reinforcement and Behavior brings together research findings and views of a number of investigators on the principles of learning and reinforcement. Their work has challenged the more traditional interpretations of the nature of the reinforcement process. Within the book, the chapters are organized from a molar level of analysis to a molecular one, not only to reflect the diversity of strategies that are being brought to bear on the problem, but also to show that the research on the nature of reinforcement transcends lines of scientific disciplines and that many different levels of analysis contribute to our understanding of the phenomenon.  The first and last chapters give historical perspective to the remainder of the book by reviewing the contributions of a number of individuals who have dealt with the problem in their own work and by pointing out some of the major issues on the molar level that are still unresolved. The remaining chapters can be roughly divided into two categories. One examines the consequences of rewards on behavior in order to specify the limits of their operations and the variables which predispose organisms to be responsive to the consequences of rewards. The other deals with the neural mechanisms which underlie reinforcement and learning.

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Mastering C Pointers: Tools for Programming Power focuses on the pointer operations of the C programming language, explaining exactly what pointers are and how to master them through easy-to-understand phrasing and by presenting many simple program examples. The functions of pointers with respect to memory access and memory allocation are also discussed.  Comprised of 10 chapters, this book begins with the author's personal reflection on his first encounters with the C programming language and its pointers. The next two chapters presents steps to learning pointers, with emphasis on the essential processes that occur (invisibly and internally) when declaring standard numeric variables in C language and how to deal with C language character arrays and C strings. The reader is then introduced to string pointers and declared pointers of numeric types; the use of C language pointers and the memory allocation functions; and C language functions. The book also explores some of the other "entities" that pointers are used to access, including structures and unions, before concluding with an examination of the source code format of C language.  This monograph is intended for both beginning and experienced C language programmers.

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Space Radiation Biology and Related Topics

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Prepared under the Direction of the American Institute of Biological Sciences for the Office of Information Services, United States Atomic Energy Commission

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Space Radiation Biology and Related Topics provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of space radiation biology. This book discusses space radiation hazards as well as the importance of natural radiations in the processes of biogenesis.  Organized into 12 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the fundamental aspects of radiobiology. This text then discusses the theoretical treatments of the chronic radiation response and the applicability of some of its features in extended manned space missions. Other chapters review the literature on models for recovery from radiation damage to some cellular systems. This book discusses as well the effects of radiations on mammals, with emphasis on those effects pertinent to the space-flight situation. The final chapter deals with the safety of nuclear power in space and explains the three types of nuclear devices designed for power production in space.  This book is a valuable resource for radiologists, radiobiologists, and radiotherapists.

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Basic Numerical Mathematics, Volume II: Numerical Algebra focuses on numerical algebra, with emphasis on the ideas of "controlled computational experiments" and "bad examples". The existence of an orthogonal matrix which diagonalizes a real symmetric matrix is highlighted, and partitioned or block matrices are discussed, along with induced norms and inversion problems.  Comprised of 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the manipulation of vectors and matrices, followed by an analysis of induced norms. The reader is then introduced to the direct solution of the inversion problem, first in the context of theoretical arithmetic (that is, when round-off is disregarded) and second in the context of practical computation. Various methods of handling the characteristic value problems are also considered, together with several iterative methods for the solution of a system of linear equations. Two applications are described: the solution of a two-point boundary value problem and the solution of least squares curve fitting. The book concludes with an account of the singular value decomposition and pseudo-inverses.   This monograph will be of interest to mathematicians and students of mathematics.

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John Todd, Ch. Blanc, A. Ghizzetti, P. Henrici