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Ingredients and technologies which improve the flavour of food have always played a major role in food formulation. With increasing consumer demand for diet products, ready meals and natural ingredients, there is considerable pressure on food manufacturers to adapt ingredients in order to produce nutritious food. This important book provides professionals within the food industry with a comprehensive review of recent developments and research.

The book begins with a comprehensive introduction followed by chapters on flavouring substances and the extraction of flavourings from natural sources. Chapters discuss technologies which improve flavour such as white biotechnology, the development of yeast flavour enhancers and the formulation of flavoursome low fat food. Further chapters cover techniques for flavour modification such as the controlled release of flavours, developments in sweeteners and masking agents for foods. The book concludes with chapters on the applications of new ingredients such as bitter blockers and masking agents.

Modifying flavour in food provides a unique reference for manufacturers and scientists concerned with flavour modification.Discusses adapting ingredients to meet consumer demand for nutritious foodExamines different technologies that improve flavourTechniques for flavour modification are highlighted

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Wto Accession and Socio-Economic Development in China

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This book reviews how Chinas accession to the WTO has impacted upon its education, environment, economic and social outcomes in recent years. It has been argued that Chinas rapid growth in output and exports and subsequent accession to WTO has significantly increased income and therefore the well-being of the Chinese population. However, doubts are now being raised that higher income is generated at the cost of deteriorating environmental and social standards which has increasingly affected the health of the Chinese people, especially those who live in major industrial cities. Also, there is a widespread perception that its accession to WTO has significantly increased social shocks, especially among the farming community, and contributed to poor health outcomes among the rural population. These issues are critically analysed in this book by experienced academics from China and Australia.Includes contributions from Australian and Chinese scholars and thus, brings together ideas and suggestions from a broad range of perspectivesAnalyses Chinas socio-economic challenges from a multi-dimensional focusA very useful reference in WTO issues in general and China in particular

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Cotton Trading Manual (CTM) is the first work to provide a comprehensive reference source to the conduct of the complex international cotton market. CTM begins by looking at the history of the cotton trade, and then moves on to assess the current global picture, including a discussion of trends in the market, as well as production and consumption analysis. The third and fourth parts focus on trading in physical cotton and futures respectively. Finally, the last section deals with administrative and management issues within the cotton trade as a whole, such as contracts, insurance and risk management. CTM is an indispensable practical companion for all those involved with trading in this commodity.Comprehensive reference to the complex international cotton marketDiscusses the history of the cotton tradeAssesses the global picture, looking at trends and production and consumption analysis

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Microbiological Analysis of Red Meat, Poultry and Eggs

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Red meat, poultry and eggs are, or have been, major global causes of foodborne disease in humans and are also prone to microbiological growth and spoilage. Consequently, monitoring the safety and quality of these products remains a primary concern. Microbiological analysis is an established tool in controlling the safety and quality of foods. Recent advances in preventative and risk-based approaches to food safety control have reinforced the role of microbiological testing of foods in food safety management.

In a series of chapters written by international experts, the key aspects of microbiological analysis, such as sampling methods, use of faecal indicators, current approaches to testing of foods, detection and enumeration of pathogens and microbial identification techniques, are described and discussed. Attention is also given to the validation of analytical methods and Quality Assurance in the laboratory. Because of their present importance to the food industry, additional chapters on current and developing legislation in the European Union and the significance of Escherichia coli 0157 and other VTEC are included.

Written by a team of international experts, Microbiological analysis of red meat, poultry and eggs is certain to become a standard reference in the important area of food microbiology.Reviews key issues in food microbiologyDiscusses key aspects of microbiological analysis such as sampling methods, detection and enumeration of pathogensIncludes chapters on the validation on analytical methods and quality assurance in the laboratory

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Explaining and comparing the various standard types of generalised functions which have been developed during the 20th Century, this text also contains accounts of recent non-standard theories of distributions, ultradistributions and Stato-hyperfunctions. The book could readily be used as a main text on generalised functions for mathematical undergraduates in final year analysis courses, as it presupposes little more than a general mathematical background. It also makes a valuable reference text for non-specific applied mathematics students, such as physicists or electrical engineers, needing to gain expertise in the application of generalised functions to physical problems, without any prior acquaintance of the specialised subject matter. An ideal companion book to Delta Functions, also by Professor Hoskins.Explains and compares the various standard types of generalised functions that have been developed during the 20th CenturyContains accounts of recent non-standard theories of distributions, ultradistributions and Stato-hyperfunctions

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Control and Optimal Control Theories with Applications

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This sound introduction to classical and modern control theory concentrates on fundamental concepts. Employing the minimum of mathematical elaboration, it investigates the many applications of control theory to varied and important present-day problems, e.g. economic growth, resource depletion, disease epidemics, exploited population, and rocket trajectories. An original feature is the amount of space devoted to the important and fascinating subject of optimal control. The work is divided into two parts. Part one deals with the control of linear time-continuous systems, using both transfer function and state-space methods. The ideas of controllability, observability and minimality are discussed in comprehensible fashion. Part two introduces the calculus of variations, followed by analysis of continuous optimal control problems. Each topic is individually introduced and carefully explained with illustrative examples and exercises at the end of each chapter to help and test the readers understanding. Solutions are provided at the end of the book.Investigates the many applications of control theory to varied and important present-day problemsDeals with the control of linear time-continuous systems, using both transfer function and state-space methodsIntroduces the calculus of variations, followed by analysis of continuous optimal control problems

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Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructures Using Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites

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The repair of deteriorated, damaged and substandard civil infrastructures has become one of the most important issues for the civil engineer worldwide. This important book discusses the use of externally-bonded fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to strengthen, rehabilitate and retrofit civil engineering structures, covering such aspects as material behaviour, structural design and quality assurance.

The first three chapters of the book review structurally-deficient civil engineering infrastructure, including concrete, metallic, masonry and timber structures. FRP composites used in rehabilitation and surface preparation of the component materials are also reviewed. The next four chapters deal with the design of FRP systems for the flexural and shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams and the strengthening of RC columns. The following two chapters examine the strengthening of metallic and masonry structures with FRP composites. The last four chapters of the book are devoted to practical considerations in the flexural strengthening of beams with unstressed and prestressed FRP plates, durability of externally bonded FRP composite systems, quality assurance and control, maintenance, repair, and case studies.

With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Strengthening and rehabilitation of civil infrastructures using fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is a valuable reference guide for engineers, scientists and technical personnel in civil and structural engineering working on the rehabilitation and strengthening of the civil infrastructure.Reviews the use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in structurally damaged and sub-standard civil engineering structuresExamines the role and benefits of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in different types of structures such as masonry and metallic strengtheningCovers practical considerations including material behaviour, structural design and quality assurance

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Charting Directions in Information Services

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Libraries in the Twenty-First Century brings together library educators and practitioners to provide a scholarly yet accessible overview of library and information management and the challenges that the twenty-first century offers the information profession. The papers in this collection illustrate the changing nature of the library as it evolves into its twenty-first century manifestation. The national libraries of Australia and New Zealand, for instance, have harnessed information and communication technologies to create institutions that are far more national, even democratic, in terms of delivery of service and sheer presence than their print-based predecessors.Aimed at practitioners and students alike, this publication covers specific types of library and information agencies, discusses specific aspects of library and information management and places developments in library and information services in a number of broad contexts: socio-economic, ethico-legal, historical and educational.

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The vast majority of plastic products are made from petroleum-based synthetic polymers that do not degrade in a landfill or in a compost-like environment. Therefore, the disposal of these products poses a serious environmental problem. An environmentally-conscious alternative is to design/synthesize polymers that are biodegradable.

Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications introduces the subject by outlining the classification and development of biodegradable polymers. Materials available for the production of biodegradable polymers are explored. Polymers derived from sugars, natural fibres, renewable forest resources, poly(lactic acid) and protein-nanoparticle composites are looked at in detail in this section. The properties and mechanisms of degradation are looked at, prefacing the subject with a chapter on current standards. The final part explores opportunities for industrial applications, with chapters on packing, agriculture and biodegradable polycaprolactone foams in supercritical carbon dioxide.

Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications explores the fundamental concepts concerning the development of biodegradable polymers, degradable polymers from sustainable sources, degradation and properties and industrial applications. It is an authoritative book that is invaluable for academics, researchers and policy makers in the industry.Reviews the importance and industrial use of biodegradable polymers and degradable polymers from sustainable sourcesAn invaluable resource for both academics and industryEdited by a leading authority in the field with contributions from a worldwide team of experts

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Surface Coatings for Protection Against Wear

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As wear is a surface or near surface phenomenon it has long been realised that the wear resistance of a component can be improved by providing a surface of different composition from the bulk material. Although this book concentrates on surface coatings, the distinction between surface coatings and the process of modifying the surface by changing its composition is not always clear, so some useful surface modification techniques are also considered.

Surface coatings for protection against wear, consists of twelve chapters written by different authors, experts in their field. After a brief introductory chapter wear phenomena and the properties required from a coating are addressed. Chapter three covers coating characterisation and property evaluation relevant to wear resistance with an emphasis on mechanical testing of coatings. The next chapter provides an introduction to the various methods available to deposit wear resistant coatings. The following six chapters describe in detail wear resistant coatings produced by various deposition routes. Emphasis is placed on the microstructure property relationship in these coatings. Chapter eleven addresses coatings and hardfacings, produced from welding processes, specifically modern developments such as friction surfacing and pulsed electrode surfacing techniques. The final chapter is dedicated to future trends in both coating materials and coating processes.

Surface coatings for protection against wear is essential for anyone involved in selecting coatings and processes and will be an invaluable reference resource for all engineers and students concerned with the latest developments in coatings technology.Essential for anyone involved in selecting coatings and processes, engineers and studentsWritten by an international team of experts in the field

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This course text fills a gap for first-year graduate-level students reading applied functional analysis or advanced engineering analysis and modern control theory. Containing 100 problem-exercises, answers, and tutorial hints, the first edition is often cited as a standard reference. Making a unique contribution to numerical analysis for operator equations, it introduces interval analysis into the mainstream of computational functional analysis, and discusses the elegant techniques for reproducing Kernel Hilbert spaces. There is discussion of a successful hybrid method for difficult real-life problems, with a balance between coverage of linear and non-linear operator equations. The authors successful teaching philosophy: We learn by doing is reflected throughout the book.Contains 100 problem-exercises, answers and tutorial hints for students reading applied functional analysisIntroduces interval analysis into the mainstream of computational functional analysis

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Virulence, Stress Response and Resistance

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Pathogens respond dynamically to their environment. Understanding their behaviour is critical both because of evidence of increased resistance to established sanitation and preservation techniques, and because of the increased use of minimal processing technologies which are more vulnerable to the development of resistance. Understanding pathogen behaviour summarises the wealth of recent research and its implications for the food industry.After two introductory chapters on ways of analysing and modelling pathogens, Part one summarises current research on what determines pathogenicity, stress response, adaptation and resistance. Part two reviews the behaviour of particular pathogens, reviewing virulence, stress response and resistance mechanisms in such pathogens as Salmonella, E.coli and Campylobacter. The final part of the book assesses how pathogens react and adapt to particular stresses from heat treatment and the effects of low temperature to the use of disinfectants and sanitisers.With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Understanding pathogen behaviour is a standard reference for the food industry in ensuring food safety.Summarises the wealth of recent research in pathogen behaviourAssesses implications for microbiologists and QA staff in the food industry

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Fashion and beauty have helped shape history and today more than ever, we find ourselves under increasing pressure to think about what we wear, what we look good in and how best to enhance our body shape and size. Behind this seemingly superficial industry, however, lies a technical thinking firmly grounded in science and technology. In one fully comprehensive book, Clothing appearance and fit: Science and technology provides a critical appreciation of the technological developments and scientific understanding of the appearance and fit of clothing. The authors bridge the science of beauty and fashion design with garment evaluation technology, garment drape and human anthropometrics and sizing.

The ten chapters of the book provide a detailed coverage of clothing appearance and fit. Chapter 1 considers body attractiveness and how it relates to clothing material and design parameters and discusses classical and contemporary theories of beauty. Chapters 2 and 3 present the industrys techniques, methods and standards for assessing clothing appearance and fit and Chapters 4 and 5 review the research and development of objective measurement technologies for evaluating clothing appearance and fit. Fabric objective measurement, fabric properties and garment drape are covered in Chapters 6 and 7 and the R & D of body measurement, anthropometrics and sizing systems are detailed in Chapters 8 and 9. The final chapter reviews published work on garment design and pattern alteration for achieving good clothing appearance and fit.

This book is an essential reference for researchers, academics, professionals and students in clothing and textile academia and industry. It includes many industrial standards, techniques and practices.Offers a critical appreciation of technological developmentsIncorporates user-friendly illustrations and photographsValuable reference for students, researchers and professionals in the clothing and textile industries

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Lattice Simulation and Zeta Function Applications

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An informative and useful account of complex numbers that includes historical anecdotes, ideas for further research, outlines of theory and a detailed analysis of the ever-elusory Riemann hypothesis. Stephen Roy assumes no detailed mathematical knowledge on the part of the reader and provides a fascinating description of the use of this fundamental idea within the two subject areas of lattice simulation and number theory.  Complex Numbers offers a fresh and critical approach to research-based implementation of the mathematical concept of imaginary numbers. Detailed coverage includes:Riemanns zeta function: an investigation of the non-trivial roots by Euler-Maclaurin summation.Basic theory: logarithms, indices, arithmetic and integration procedures are described.Lattice simulation: the role of complex numbers in Paul Ewalds important work of the I 920s is analysed.Mangoldts study of the xi function: close attention is given to the derivation of N(T) formulae by contour integration.Analytical calculations: used extensively to illustrate important theoretical aspects.Glossary: over 80 terms included in the text are defined.Offers a fresh and critical approach to the research-based implication of complex numbersIncludes historical anecdotes, ideas for further research, outlines of theory and a detailed analysis of the Riemann hypothesisBridges any gaps that might exist between the two worlds of lattice sums and number theory

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There have been a number of significant developments in welding technology. New developments in advanced welding summarises some of the most important of these and their applications in mechanical and structural engineering.The book begins by reviewing advances in gas metal arc welding, tubular cored wired welding and gas tungsten arc welding. A number of chapters discuss developments in laser welding, including laser beam welding and Nd:YAG laser welding. Other new techniques such as electron beam welding, explosion welding and ultrasonic welding are also analysed. The book concludes with a review of current research into health and safety issues.With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, New developments in advanced welding is a standard guide for the welding community.Discusses the changes in advanced welding techniquesLooks at new technologiesExplores mechanical and structural engineering examples

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The basic concepts behind sizing systems currently used in the manufacture of ready-to-wear garments were originally developed in the 19th century. These systems are frequently based on outdated anthropometric data, they lack standard labelling, and they generally do not accommodate the wide variations of body sizes and proportions that exist in the population. However, major technological improvements have made new population data available worldwide, with the potential to affect the future of sizing in many ways. New developments in computer-aided design and sophisticated mathematical and statistical methods of categorizing different body shapes can also contribute to the development of more effective sizing systems. This important book provides a critical appreciation of the key technological and scientific developments in sizing and their application.

The first chapter in the book discusses the history of sizing systems and how this has affected the mass production of ready-to-wear clothing. Chapters two and three review methods for constructing new and adapting existing sizing systems, and the standardisation of national and international sizing systems. Marketing and fit models are reviewed in chapter four whilst chapter five presents an analysis of the grading process used to create size sets. Chapters six and seven discuss fit and sizing strategies in relation to function, and the communication of sizing. Mass customization and a discussion of material properties and their affect on sizing are addressed in chapters eight and nine. Military sizing and the aesthetics of sizing are detailed in chapters ten and eleven. The final chapter reviews the impact on sizing of production systems and specifications.

Written by an international team of contributors, this book is an essential reference to researchers, designers, students and manufacturers in the clothing and fashion industry.Provides a critical appreciation of key technological and scientific developments in sizing and their applicationDiscusses how developments in sizing affect the mass production of ready to wear clothingReviews methods of constructing new and adapting existing sizing systems

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A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a reaction (between fuel and oxidant) directly into electricity. Given their efficiency and low emissions, fuel cells provide an important alternative to power produced from fossil fuels. A major challenge in their use is the need for better materials to make fuel cells cost-effective and more durable. This important book reviews developments in materials to fulfil the potential of fuel cells as a major power source.

After introductory chapters on the key issues in fuel cell materials research, the book reviews the major types of fuel cell. These include alkaline fuel cells, polymer electrolyte fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells and regenerative fuel cells. The book concludes with reviews of novel fuel cell materials, ways of analysing performance and issues affecting recyclability and life cycle assessment.

With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Materials for fuel cells is a valuable reference for all those researching, manufacturing and using fuel cells in such areas as automotive engineering.Examines the key issues in fuel cell materials researchReviews the major types of fuel cells such as direct methanol and regenerative fuel cellsFurther chapters explore ways of analysing performance and issues affecting recyclability and life cycle assessment

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Surfaces and Interfaces for Biomaterials

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Given such problems as rejection, the interface between an implant and its human host is a critical area in biomaterials. Surfaces and interfaces for biomaterials summarises the wealth of research on understanding the surface properties of biomaterials and the way they interact with human tissue.The first part of the book reviews the way biomaterial surfaces form. Part Two discusses ways of monitoring and characterising surface structure and behaviour. The final two parts of the book look at a range of in vitro and in vivo studies of the complex interactions between biomaterials and the body. Chapters cover such topics as bone and tissue regeneration, the role of interface interactions in biodegradable biomaterials, microbial biofilm formation, vascular tissue engineering and ways of modifying biomaterial surfaces to improve biocompatibility.Surfaces and interfaces for biomaterials is a standard work on how to understand and control surface processes in ensuring biomaterials are used successfully in medicine.Complete coverage on the fundamentals of surface structure and forming to biological and clinical outcomesIncludes reviews of key surface analytical techniquesEdited by a renowned expert and written by an international team of authors

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Solving Tribology Problems in Rotating Machines

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Bearings are widely used in rotating machines. Understanding the factors affecting their reliability and service life is essential in ensuring good machine design and performance. Solving tribology problems in rotating machines reviews these factors and their implications for improved machine performance.

The first two chapters review ways of assessing the performance and reliability of rolling-element bearings. The author then goes on to discuss key performance problems and the factors affecting bearing reliability. There are chapters on cage and roller slip, and particular types of failure in equipment such as alternators, condensers and pumps. The author also reviews the effects of such factors as localised electrical currents, seating, clearance, grades of lubricant, axial forces, vibration on performance and service life. The book concludes by reviewing ways of improving bearing design.

Solving tribology problems in rotating machines is an essential reference for engineers involved in the design and operation of rotating machines in such sectors as power generation, electrical and automotive engineering.Discusses improved machine performanceExamines factors affecting bearing reliabilityAn essential reference for engineers

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There is an increasing movement of scientists and engineers who are dedicated to minimising the environmental impact of polymer composite production. Life cycle assessment is of paramount importance at every stage of a products life, from initial synthesis through to final disposal and a sustainable society needs environmentally safe materials and processing methods. With an internationally recognised team of contributors, Green Composites examines fibre reinforced polymer composite production and explains how environmental footprints can be diminished at every stage of the life cycle.The introductory chapters look at why we should consider green composites, their design and life cycle assessment. The properties of natural fibre sources such as cellulose and wood are then discussed. Chapter 6 examines recyclable synthetic fibre-thermoplastic composites as an alternative solution and polymers derived from natural sources are covered in Chapter 7. The factors that influence the properties of these natural composites and natural fibre thermoplastic composites are detailed in Chapters 8 and 9. The final four chapters consider clean processing, applications, recycling, degradation and reprocessing.Green composites is an essential guide for agricultural crop producers, government agricultural departments, automotive companies, composite producers and material scientists all dedicated to the promotion and practice of eco-friendly materials and production methods.Reviews fibre reinforced polymer composite productionExplains how environmental footprints can be diminished at every stage of the life-cycle