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VIIIth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

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Virus Taxonomy is a standard and comprehensive source for the classification of viruses, created by the International Committee of the Taxonomy of Viruses. The book includes eight taxonomic reports of the ICTV and provides comprehensive information on 3 taxonomic orders of viruses, 73 families, 9 subfamilies, 287 genera, and 1938 virus species. The book also features about 429 colored pictures and diagrams for more efficient learning. The text is divided into four parts, comprised of 16 chapters and presenting the following features: Compiled data from numerous international experts about virus taxonomy and nomenclature Organized information on over 6000 recognized viruses, illustrated with diagrams of genome organization and virus replication cycle Data on the phylogenetic relationships among viruses of the same and different taxa Discussion of the qualitative and quantitative relationships of virus sequences The book is a definitive reference for microbiologists, molecular biologists, research-level virologists, infectious disease specialists, and pharmaceutical researchers working on antiviral agents. Students and novices in taxonomy and nomenclature will also find this text useful.

* The standard official ITCV reference for virus taxonomy and nomenclature, compiling data from 500 international experts * Covers over 6000 recognized viruses, organized by family with diagrams of genome organization and virus replication cycle* Provides data on the phylogenic relationships between viruses belonging to the same or different taxa* Now includes information about the qualitative and quantitative relationships between virus sequences

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Claude M. Fauquet, M.A. Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger, L.A. Ball

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Food engineering is a required class in food science programs, as outlined by the Institute for Food Technologists (IFT). The concepts and applications are also required for professionals in food processing and manufacturing to attain the highest standards of food safety and quality.The third edition of this successful textbook succinctly presents the engineering concepts and unit operations used in food processing, in a unique blend of principles with applications. The authors use their many years of teaching to present food engineering concepts in a logical progression that covers the standard course curriculum. Each chapter describes the application of a particular principle followed by the quantitative relationships that define the related processes, solved examples, and problems to test understanding.

The subjects the authors have selected to illustrate engineering principles demonstrate the relationship of engineering to the chemistry, microbiology, nutrition and processing of foods. Topics incorporate both traditional and contemporary food processing operations.

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The MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum constitutes the most complete, detailed work on the human cerebellum to date. This definitive work provides images in the three cardinal planes (sagittal, transverse, and coronal) at closely spaced intervals of 2 millimeters. The images are derived from MRI scans of one individual and from postmortem sections of another. It is the only such atlas set within the universally accepted framework of the Talairach stereotaxic system, derived from standard landmarks in the brain. The book includes a new nomenclature system (labeling system) which is easier to use, aids in understanding the organization of the cerebellum, and is consistent with earlier work on the anatomy of the cerebellum in animals and the development of the human cerebellum in infants.Recent studies have shown that the cerebellum is involved in much more than motor coordination alone: also in higher functions including memory, language, emotion, and attention, as well as sensory discrimination. This atlas facilitates this new era of study of the cerebellum, allowing investigators to identify cerebellar structures with precision. Everyone concerned with the anatomy, function, or dysfunction of the cerebellum should have a copy.

Key Features* Provides the most comprehensive, detailed, and authoritative atlas of the human cerebellum* Contains 110 MRI images and 110 corresponding cryosection images* Includes a CD with all of the images and text from the book, supported by both PC and Macintosh computer platforms* Developed within the universally accepted framework of the Talairach stereotaxic system* Contains detailed myelin- and Nissl-stained histology of major nuclei* Presents a new, easy-to-use nomenclature system* Allows investigators to identify structures with precision and to address detailed structure-function correlations

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Jeremy D. Schmahmann, Julien Doyon, Michael Petrides, Alan C. Evans, Arthur W. Toga

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A transgenic animal is one that is genetically modified to carry genes from another species. Transgenic species can be raised to carry potentially useful genes from a variety of species. While the topics of genetic engineering and cloning are controversial, the reality is that these technologies offer tremendous benefits to society - from offering a framework for developing and screening medical therapies, to enhancing the safety and nutrition of the food we eat.

One potential application of research into transgenic animal technology is the creation of domestic animals genetically designed to express a certain human disease and therefore serve as models for the study and treatment of human illnesses. Although many mouse models of human diseases are available today, such models in large domestic animals physiologically more similar to humans are sparse and critically needed. Further research in this field will undoubtedly uncover many more direct and indirect benefits of this technology.

Transgenic animal technologies and the ability to introduce functional genes into animals have revolutionized our ability to address complex biomedical and biological questions. This well-illustrated handbook covers the technical aspects of gene transfer from molecular methods to whole animal considerations for important laboratory and domestic animal species. It describes methodologies as employed by leading laboratories and is a key resource for researchers, as well as a tool for training technicians and students. This second edition incorporates updates on a variety of genetic engineering technologies ranging from microinjection and ES cell transfer to nuclear transfer in a broad range of animal modeling systems.
Contains a comprehensive collection of transgenic animal and gene transfer methods Discusses background and introduction to techniques and animal systems Teaches practical step-by-step protocols New section on analysis

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The Hierarchical Basis of Comparative Biology

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The application of homology varies depending on the data being examined. This volume represents a state-of-the-art treatment of the different applications of this unifying concept. Chapters deal with homology on all levels, from molecules to behavior, and are authored by leading contributors to systematics, natural history, and evolutionary, developmental, and comparative biology.

This paperback reprint of the original hardbound edition continues to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Sir Richard Owen's seminal paper distinguishing homology from analogy.
Commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Sir Richard Owen's seminal paper distinguishing homology from analogy Contributors who are renowned leaders in comparative biology Coverage that is both comprehensive and interdisciplinary

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This authoritative book gathers together a broad range of ideas and topics that define the field. It provides clear, concise, and comprehensive coverage of all aspects of cellular physiology from fundamental concepts to more advanced topics. The Third Edition contains substantial new material. Most chapters have been thoroughly reworked. The book includes chapters on important topics such as sensory transduction, the physiology of protozoa and bacteria, the regulation of cell division, and programmed cell death. Completely revised and updated - includes 8 new chapters on such topics as membrane structure, intracellular chloride regulation, transport, sensory receptors, pressure, and olfactory/taste receptors Includes broad coverage of both animal and plant cells Appendixes review basics of the propagation of action potentials, electricity, and cable properties Authored by leading experts in the field Clear, concise, comprehensive coverage of all aspects of cellular physiology from fundamental concepts to more advanced topics

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The FactsBook series has established itself as the best source of easily accessible and accurate facts about protein groups. Books in the series use an easy-to-follow format and are meticulously researched and compiled by experts in the field.The Immunoglobulin FactsBook is the first published reference for all 203 human functional and ORF immunoglobulin genes. It is complete and standardized and employs nomenclature approved by the HUGO Nomenclature Committee.

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The Second Edition of Understanding DNA has been entirely revised and updated, and expanded by more than 50% to cover new advances. The book explains step-by-step how DNA forms specific structures, the nature of these structures, and how they fundamentally affect the biological processes of transcription and replication.The functional properties of any molecule are directly related to and affected by its structure; this is especially true for DNA, the molecule that carries the code for all life on earth. Written in a clear, concise, and at times lively fashion, Understanding DNA is essential reading for all molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics students, for newcomers to the field from such areas as physics or chemistry, and for even the most seasoned researchers who really want to understand DNA.

Key Features* New edition, expanded by more than 50%* Completely revised and updated* Includes many additional and updated references* Summarizes the recent studies of DNA in disease and medicine* Contains more than 110 illustrations, some in full color* Describes the basic units of DNA and how these form the double helix* Characterizes the various types of DNA double helix that have been found* Explains how and why DNA twists and curves* Discusses the mechanisms of DNA supercoiling* Summarizes the assembly of DNA and proteins into chromosomes* Outlines the methods used to study DNA structureDescribes the latest work on protein-DNA complexes* Contains simple exercises and further reading at the end of each chapter

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Brain Plasticity and Epilepsy: A Tribute to Frank Morrell

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This volume of International Review of Neurobiology integrates the latest developments in normal and abnormal neuroplasticity and epilepsy, and considers their implications for understanding the basic mechanisms of normal and pathological behaviors. The chapters are written by leaders in the field, and provide comprehensive coverage of the subject, from molecular neurobiology to behavior. This book will help neuroscientists gain a better understanding of the application of fundamental neuronal mechanisms of plastic change to problems relevant to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human disease, particularly epilepsy.

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Ronald J. Bradley, Robert Adron Harris, Peter Jenner, Jerome Engel Jr., Philip A. Schwartzkroin, Solomon L. Moshé, Daniel H. Lowenstein

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The Theory of Image Formation, Detection, and Processing

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Radiological Imaging: The Theory of Image Formation, Detection, and Processing is intended to prepare the student to do research in radiological imaging, to teach general image science within a radiographic context, and to help the student gain fluency with the essential analytical tools of linear systems theory and the theory of stochastic processes that are applicable to any imaging system.  The book contains chapters devoted to the discussion of linear systems, Poisson processes, analysis of radiographic systems, radiographic image detectors, and the various aspects of three-dimensional or tomographic imaging. Computed tomography, psychophysics, and scattered radiation and its effect on image are also elucidated.  Radiology technicians will find the book very invaluable.

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Thinking and Problem-Solving presents a comprehensive and up-to-date review of literature on cognition, reasoning, intelligence, and other formative areas specific to this field. Written for advanced undergraduates, researchers, and academics, this volume is a necessary reference for beginning and established investigators in cognitive and educational psychology.

Thinking and Problem-Solving provides insight into questions such as: how do people solve complex problems in mathematics and everyday life? How do we generate new ideas? How do we piece together clues to solve a mystery, categorize novel events, and teach others to do the same?
Provides a comprehensive literature review Covers both historical and contemporary approaches Organized for ease of use and reference Chapters authored by leading scholars

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Many marine mammals communicate by emitting sounds that pass through water. Such sounds can be received across great distances and can influence the behavior of these undersea creatures. In the past few decades, the oceans have become increasingly noisy, as underwater sounds from propellers, sonars, and other human activities make it difficult for marine mammals to communicate. This book discusses, among many other topics, just how well marine mammals hear, how noisy the oceans have become, and what effects these new sounds have on marine mammals. The baseline of ambient noise, the sounds produced by machines and mammals, the sensitivity of marine mammal hearing, and the reactions of marine mammals are also examined. <br>An essential addition to any marine biologist's library, Marine Mammals and Noise will be especially appealing to marine mammalogists, researchers, policy makers and regulators, and marine biologists and oceanographers using sound in their research.

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W. John Richardson, Charles R. Greene Jr., Charles I. Malme, Denis H. Thomson, Sue E. Moore, Bernd Würsig

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Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease

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This book serves as a comprehensive overview of the current scientific knowledge on the health effects of dietary and supplemental antioxidants (such as vitamins C and E). Chapters integrate information from basic research and animal studies, epidemiologic studies, and clinical intervention trials.
The popular media has taken great interest in antioxidants, with numerous articles emphasizing their role in preventing disease and the possible slowing of the aging process. These antioxidant vitamins may be important in preventing not only acute deficiency symptoms, but also chronic disorders such as heart disease and certain types of cancer. This book, therefore, is not only for scientists and doctors, but also for health writers, journalists, and informed lay people.
The text focuses on several human conditions for which there is now good scientific evidence that oxidation is an important etiological component. Specifically, antioxidants may prevent or slow down the progression of: Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Immune system disorders, Cataracts, Neurological disorders, Degeneration due to the aging process.

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DNA Structure and Function, a timely and comprehensive resource, is intended for any student or scientist interested in DNA structure and its biological implications. The book provides a simple yet comprehensive introduction to nearly all aspects of DNA structure. It also explains current ideas on the biological significance of classic and alternative DNA conformations. Suitable for graduate courses on DNA structure and nucleic acids, the text is also excellent supplemental reading for courses in general biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Explains basic DNA Structure and function clearly and simply Contains up-to-date coverage of cruciforms, Z-DNA, triplex DNA, and other DNA conformations Discusses DNA-protein interactions, chromosomal organization, and biological implications of structure Highlights key experiments and ideas within boxed sections Illustrated with 150 diagrams and figures that convey structural and experimental concepts

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How do animals learn? By what means can animals be conditioned? This volume of the acclaimed Handbook of Perception and Cognition, Second Edition, reviews such basic models as Pavlovian conditioning as well as more modern models of animal memory and social cognition. Sure to represent a benchmark of a vast literature from diverse disciplines, this reference work is a useful addition to any library devoted to animal learning, conditioning behavior, and interaction.

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Environmental Case Histories for Civil Engineers and Geologists

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This book explores these and many other related subjects. This book will be of great value to expert witnesses in liability suits resulting from flood, erosion, landslide, mudslide, or other types of natural hazard-related damage. It clearly explains the needs of an expert, the relationship of the expert to the client and the attorney, the challenges to face, and the proper orientation as an expert. Through a variety of case studies, the book illustrates investigative techniques, case and data presentation to prove "reasonableness" or "unreasonableness" of conduct and "causation." Adequacy of emergency procedures for evacuation and street closures in an area designed for and designated as a retention basin Necessity of the purchase or condemnation of flood-threatened properties due to partial blockage of a canyon by a previous landslide Widsom of providing qualified and objective engineering and geologic input to the land use planning in environmentally hazardous areas

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Optical Microscopy: Emerging Methods and Applications covers recent technical advances and new approaches to monitoring and altering cell physiology, examining membrane cytoarchitecture, observing multiple cellular activities and intact organ physiology, plus confocal imaging of live cell function, lifetime imaging, and automated clinical imaging cytometry. The book provides the reader with a synopsis of the most recent technical developments in optical microscopy as applied to scientific research. Each chapter introduces new methods by describing how these overcome limitations inherent in previous techniques. Software, hardware, and other equipment concerns are covered. Additionally, the book reviews current applications in order to stimulate future developments in optical microscopy, encouraging novel uses and new technical advances Caged compounds, fluorescence ratio imaging, and CCD video cameras Simultaneous multiple detection and real-time fluorescence microscopy Simultaneous DIC and quantitative LLF video imaging Total internal reflectance, time-resolved, and automated fluorescence microscopy Laser-scanning confocal microscopy Imaging for calcium measurements, membranes, glycoproteins, living cells, and cancer cells

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This volume clearly synthesizes current information on defined neurotrophic factors, emphasizing their localization and molecular/cellular function in the central nervous system. Brain development and aging, neurodegenerative disorders, plasticity, and memory all are closely examined within the context of this rapidly expanding field. Researchers in neurobiology, cell biology, and molecular biology will find Neurotrophic Factors an invaluable reference for their research libraries. Offers the most up-do-date synthesis of concepts on neurotrophic factors in the nervous system Integrates molecular, cellular, and neuroanatomical concepts of neurotrophic factor function Includes special chapters on primary, secondary, and tertiary messenger systems Examines brain development, differentiation, neurodegenerative disorders, and adult plasticity

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Criminal Behavior as a Clinical Disorder

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This book takes an uncompromising look at how we define psychopathology and makes the argument that criminal behavior can and perhaps should be considered a disorder. Presenting sociological, genetic, neurochemical, brain-imaging, and psychophysiological evidence, it discusses the basis for criminal behavior and suggests, contrary to popular belief, that such behavior may be more biologically determined than previously thought. Presents a new conceptual approach to understanding crime as a disorder Is the most extensive review of biological predispositions to criminal behavior to date Analyzes the familial and extra-familial causes of crime Reviews the predispositions to crime including evolution and genetics, and the neuropsychological, psychophysiological, brain-imaging, neurochemical, and cognitive factors Presents the practical implications of viewing crime as a psychopathology in the contexts of free will, punishment, treatment, and future biosocial research

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Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries

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Artificial habitats have been used for centuries to successfully modify environments for the benefit of Man. In the aquatic environment, the use of artificial habitat technologies is of growing interest worldwide. Opportunities exist in both developed and developing nations to apply these technologies in many areas, including classical scientific investigations of ecosystem structure and function, engineering advances in underwater technology, and fisheries and environmental management.

The applications of artificial habitat technologies are taking on ever greater economic, social, and environmental importance globally, not only in developed countries such as Japan where highly sophisticated technologies are used, but also in developing nations, where lower cost practices are in use. There is growing pressure to increase production, while at the same time preserve or enhance the environments and ecosystems surrounding fisheries.

This book provides a comprehensive review of the facts, issues, and global trends emerging regarding the use of artificial habitats in aquatic ecosystems. It presents the most recent scientific advances in ecology and engineering technologies related to the building of artificial habitats, and it also presents many of the fisheries management and socioeconomic and environmental issues.

Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries will be of interest to a broad audience including natural resource scientists, planners, and managers, particularly those interested in aquatic and fisheries science and management; organizations and individuals interested in commercial and recreational fishing; ecologists; environmental economists, engineers, lawyers, and social scientists; and geographers.
Presents a global scope Draws together, for the first time, disparate literature Contains contributions by authors in the United States and Japan Features engineering chapters that focus on Japanese advanced technology often not available to the English language audience