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GET /services/catalog/products?format=api&page=76762
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The decisions, therefore, must ultimately be political onesbut what choices are governments to make?Here is the essence of what Professors Harold and Margaret Sprout term \"the statesmen's dilemma.\" These noted scholars examine the dilemma in detail, exploring a wide range of points of view and developing a reasoned philosophical stance of their own. While their account of what is happening to the world and what we are doing about it is a gloomy one, it is notable that the authors do not entirely despair of man's future. In an epilogue they propose a number of measures which, with luck, might enable coming generations to inherit a share of the earth's bounty. The Context of Environmental Politics is the first volume of \"The Third Century Series,\" a group of books exploring the major issues and challenges confronting the United States as it enters its third century.", "author": "Harold Sprout, Margaret Sprout", "slug": "the-context-of-environmental-politics-147543-9780813164519-harold-sprout-margaret-sprout", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164519.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147543", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147543/the-context-of-environmental-politics-147543-9780813164519-harold-sprout-margaret-sprout", "bisac_codes": [ "POL044000", "4.0.1.0.0.0.0" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164519", "EISBN10": "0813164516" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023424563" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147542", "attributes": { "name": "Henry Kissinger", "subtitle": "Perceptions of International Politics", "description": "Henry Kissinger conducted American foreign policy with a distinctive assurance and panache that gave dramatic force to his tenure as secretary of state. His was the shaping hand in decisions that led to detente with the Soviet Union, to opening relations with the People's Republic of China, and to \"shuttle\" diplomacy in the Middle East and the disengagement of Egypt and Israel during the 1973 war. Taking a fresh look at the statecraft of Henry Kissinger, Harvey Starr brings to bear a variety of analytical methods on data drawn from different stages in Kissinger's career to define and explain the beliefs and perceptions that formed the ground of his policy decisions. Using psychohistory and content analysis, Starr defines Kissinger's perceptions of his adversariesthe Soviet Union and Red Chinaand draws revealing comparisons between Kissinger and John Foster Dulles. Henry Kissinger: Perceptions of International Politics is an illuminating view of an important era in American diplomacy.", "author": "Harvey Starr", "slug": "henry-kissinger-147542-9780813164502-harvey-starr", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164502.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147542", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147542/henry-kissinger-147542-9780813164502-harvey-starr", "bisac_codes": [ "BIO010000", "POL011000" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164502", "EISBN10": "0813164508" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023424246" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147541", "attributes": { "name": "From Gentlemen to Townsmen", "subtitle": "The Gentry of Baltimore County Maryland, 16601776", "description": "Economic and social life in the upper Chesapeake during the colonial period diverged from that in southern Maryland and Tidewater Virginia despite similar economic bases. Charles Steffen's book offers a fresh interpretation of the economic elite of Baltimore County and challenges the widely accepted view that the life of this privileged class was characterized by permanence, stability, and continuity.The subjects of this study are not the tiny knot of Tidewater aristocrats who have dominated scholarly inquiry, but the numerically predominant but largely unknown \"county gentry\" who constituted the bedrock of the upper class throughout Maryland and Virginia. Because most Tidewater aristocrats shunned the northern frontier of Chesapeake society, Baltimore proves an ideal location for exploring the uncertain world of the county gentry.Most of the men who climbed the ladder of economic and political success in Baltimore, hoping to establish dynasties, watched with dismay as their children slipped back down that ladder in the later colonial years. The absence of entrenched oligarchies gave to the upper levels of county society a striking degree of fluidity and impermanence. In chapters dealing with the plantation workforce, the landed estate, the merchant community, and the established church, Steffen demonstrates that this openness pervaded all dimensions of the life of the gentry.Steffen's analysis of the complicated social and political realignments produced by the Revolution provides a fitting conclusion to his study, for in the independence struggle the openness of the gentry was most clearly revealed. In its vivid portrayal of the men and women who comprised the bulk of the gentry, From Gentlemen to Townsmen sheds new light on the complex economic and social life of the Chesapeake.", "author": "Charles G. Steffen", "slug": "from-gentlemen-to-townsmen-147541-9780813164496-charles-g-steffen", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164496.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147541", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147541/from-gentlemen-to-townsmen-147541-9780813164496-charles-g-steffen", "bisac_codes": [ "HIS036010", "HIS036020" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164496", "EISBN10": "0813164494" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023421385" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147540", "attributes": { "name": "The Humanities and the Understanding of Reality", "subtitle": "", "description": "In their concern with the perennial controversy between the two great areas in which men seek knowledge, three eminent literary scholars and a distinguished journalist in these essays address themselves to the question, \"Do the humanities provide a form of understanding of reality that the sciences do not?\"Monroe C. Beardsley maintains that the humanities considered as contributors to knowledge must deal with the same subject matter as the sciences, but literature and the arts can enlarge our powers of understanding human nature, although not in the way the sciences do (under empirically or logically verifiable laws). Northrop Frye, while acknowledging the difference in methodology and mental attitude, asserts that the humanities, on the other hand, express man's concern for this world most clearly in the myths by which man realizes his involvement in mankind and his responsibility for his own destiny.Frank Kermode argues that to follow the ways of sciences in searching out repetitions such as make myths is to lose sight of the unique, particular, and concrete expressions which underlie personal participation and sharpen the sensibilities. And this experience, he maintains, is the peculiar contribution of the humanities. In the final essay, Barry Bingham, editor and publisher of the Louisville Courier-Joumal, calls for a vigorous cultivation of the liberal arts in American life.", "author": "Thomas B. Stroup", "slug": "the-humanities-and-the-understanding-of-reality-147540-9780813164465", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164465.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147540", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147540/the-humanities-and-the-understanding-of-reality-147540-9780813164465", "bisac_codes": [ "EDU040000", "EDU029050" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164465", "EISBN10": "081316446X" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023423047" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147539", "attributes": { "name": "The Poetic Vision of Robert Penn Warren", "subtitle": "", "description": "Though it has won the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the Bollingen Prize, the poetry of Robert Penn Warren still is not widely or well understood. In this study, Victor H. Strandberg redresses this imbalance by providing a comprehensive survey of the poetic canon of this gifted, complex, and much-neglected poet.Warren writes in the tradition of Western poets concerned with the painful experience of a forced, one-way passage from innocence into \"the world's stew\" of time and loss. This passage, Strandberg explains, results for Warren in bifurcation of the self into warring segments: a \"clean\" idealistic surface ego, and a polluted \"undiscovered self\" in the unconscious. Revelation of the \"dirty\" part of human personality is tellingly evoked in many of Warren's major works. As the poet's vision expands, however, these conflicting elements are unified in a \"mystic osmosis of being\" whereby \"the world which once provoked... fear and disgust may now be totally loved.\"In addition to close analysis both of individual poems and of the poet's overall development, Strandberg reviews critical opinion of Warren's poetry over the last three decades and assesses his place among fellow poets. Both as \"prophecy\" and as \"art,\" he concludes, Robert Penn Warren's poetry is so significant, versatile, and excellent \"as to rank him among the finest and most fertile talents of his age.\"", "author": "Victor H. Strandberg", "slug": "the-poetic-vision-of-robert-penn-warren-147539-9780813164489-victor-h-strandberg", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164489.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147539", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147539/the-poetic-vision-of-robert-penn-warren-147539-9780813164489-victor-h-strandberg", "bisac_codes": [ "LIT004020", "4.0.1.0.0.0.0" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164489", "EISBN10": "0813164486" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023423440" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147538", "attributes": { "name": "The University in the American Future", "subtitle": "", "description": "In these four notable essays based on Centennial lectures, four eminent scholars analyze the tensions affecting university education today and the forces which will shape the American university of the future.Kenneth D. Benne, director of the Human Relations Center of Boston University, describes the fragmentation which has come to characterize the university in 1965 in three divergent philosophies of university education and calls for the universities to undertake a radical change of their social organization. For, he says, only by restoring the community of learning can the universities exercise their proper leadership in resolving the conflicts and tensions of modern society.The place of the university as a clearing house of ideas and as the training center for new professions and services is set forth by Sir Charles Morris, vice chancellor of the University of Leeds, and by Henry Steele Commager, professor of American Studies at Amherst College.Finally, Gunnar Myrdal of the Institute of International Economic Studies in the University of Stockholm, looking at the probable social and economic trends of the future, sees the expansion of professional, practical, and research training, but warns that the social and moral implications of knowledge cannot be ignored, especially in view of the increasing demands of the developing countries upon the affluent nations.", "author": "Thomas B. Stroup", "slug": "the-university-in-the-american-future-147538-9780813164472", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164472.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147538", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147538/the-university-in-the-american-future-147538-9780813164472", "bisac_codes": [ "EDU040000", "4.0.1.0.0.0.0" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164472", "EISBN10": "0813164478" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023421414" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147537", "attributes": { "name": "Free Soil", "subtitle": "The Election of 1848", "description": "The presidential election of 1848, known as the Free Soil election, marked the emergence of antislavery sentiment as a determining political force on a national scale. In this book Joseph G. Rayback provides the first comprehensive history of the campaign and the election, documenting his analysis with contemporary letters and newspaper accounts. The progress of the campaign is examined in light of the Free Soil movement: agitation for Free Soil candidates and platforms at the national conventions proved ineffective, and the nominations of Zachary Taylor and Lewis Cass completed the major parties' alienation of the various antislavery groups. Thwarted in their attempts to capture the national parties, the Free-Soilers formed a massive coalition, which met in Buffalo, and formally created the Free Soil party, nominating their own candidate, ex-President Martin Van Buren. The Whigs and the Democrats, forced by the new party to take a position on the touchy slavery question, attempted to use Free Soil to elect their candidatesin the North by claiming, it in the South by disclaiming it.Rayback concludes that the Free Soil election was one of the most significant in American history, a turning point in national politics that marked the end of the Jacksonian Era. Although Taylor was elected president, Van Buren took about ten percent of the popular vote away from the Whigs and the Democrats. It was the first presidential election in which a third party made substantial inroads on major party loyalties, one in which the electorate indicated a desire for a moderate solution to the problem of slavery extensiona solution that was attempted by the Thirty-first Congress with its Compromise of 1850.", "author": "Joseph G. Rayback", "slug": "free-soil-147537-9780813164434-joseph-g-rayback", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164434.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147537", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147537/free-soil-147537-9780813164434-joseph-g-rayback", "bisac_codes": [ "HIS036040", "POL015000" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164434", "EISBN10": "0813164435" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023424340" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147536", "attributes": { "name": "Crime and God's Judgment in Shakespeare", "subtitle": "", "description": "Divine retribution, Robert Reed argues, is a principal driving force in Shakespeare's English history plays and three of his major tragedies. Reed finds evidence of the playwright's growing ingenuity and maturing skill in his treatment of the crime of political homicide, its impact on events, and God's judgment on the criminal.Reed's analysis focuses upon Tudor concepts that he shows were familiar to all Elizabethansthe biblical principle of inherited guilt, the doctrine that God is the fountainhead of retribution, with man merely His instrument, and the view that conscience serves a fundamentally divine functionand he urges us to look at Shakespeare within the context of his time, avoiding the too-frequent tendency of twentieth-century critics to force a modern world view on the plays.Heaven's power of vengeance provides an essential unifying theme to the plays of the two historical tetralogies, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, and Macbeth. By analyzing these plays in the light of values held by Shakespeare's contemporaries, Reed has made a substantial contribution toward clarifying our understanding of the plays and of Elizabethan England.", "author": "Robert Rentoul Reed Jr.", "slug": "crime-and-gods-judgment-in-shakespeare-147536-9780813164410-robert-rentoul-reed-jr", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164410.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147536", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147536/crime-and-gods-judgment-in-shakespeare-147536-9780813164410-robert-rentoul-reed-jr", "bisac_codes": [ "LIT015000", "LIT004120" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164410", "EISBN10": "0813164419" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023424650" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147535", "attributes": { "name": "The Roland Legend in Nineteenth Century French Literature", "subtitle": "", "description": "The year was 778. Charlemagne, starting homeward after an expedition onto the Iberian Peninsula, left his nephew, Count Roland, in command of a rear guard. As Roland and his troops moved through the Pyrenees, a fierce enemy swooped down and annihilated them. Whether the attackers were Moors, Basques, Gascons, or Aquitainians is still disputed. The massacre soon passed into legend, preserved but at the same time expanded and interpreted in oral tradition and written accounts.Dormant after the late Middle Ages, the legend began to inspire literary works even before the discovery and publication of the Oxford manuscript Chanson de Roland in 1837. The French Revolution and Empire, temporarily relieving Roland of his religious aura, hailed him as a patriot belaboring his country's foes. The Romantics made him either a dauntless, irrepressible extrovert or a noble victim struck down while making the world a better place. As the twentieth century dawned, a few authors scoffed at hero worship but others held up Roland as a heroic example that might help his countrymen live with the humiliation of their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and then, as World War I approached, retake their lost territories.Fascinating as the Roland legend is in itself, no one has looked into the nonacademic French literature to which it has given rise in modern times. Harry Redman now shows how writers, with varying outlooks and approaches and divergent purposes, drew upon the legend from 1777 to the end of World War I. A monumental enterprise based on primary research, the book is of extraordinary value to scholars interested in the Old French epic and to all those concerned with more recent literary periods.", "author": "Harry Redman Jr.", "slug": "the-roland-legend-in-nineteenth-century-french-literature-147535-9780813164427-harry-redman-jr", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164427.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147535", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147535/the-roland-legend-in-nineteenth-century-french-literature-147535-9780813164427-harry-redman-jr", "bisac_codes": [ "LIT004150" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164427", "EISBN10": "0813164427" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023422271" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147534", "attributes": { "name": "The Republican Right since 1945", "subtitle": "", "description": "In 1981, a Right Wing Republican at long last resided in the White House, presiding over what may prove to be the most fundamental restructuring of American political life since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Fortunately, The Republican Right since 1945 now provides us with the necessary historical understanding of conservative Republicans. David Reinhard's dispassionate yet lively book recounts the Republican Right's political struggles from the death of FDR in 1945 to the inauguration of Ronald Reagan.Younger readers will discover that Right Wing Republicans are older than Ronald Reagan or Barry Goldwater and that some conservative Republicans once feared the overextension of American power abroad and the rise of the \"garrison state\" at home. Those old enough to remember when the Republican Right was called the \"Old Guard\" will rediscover the events and personalities of those earlier years, thanks to Reinhard's use of more than thirty five manuscript collections and the most recent historical writing.Not content to let this history end where traditional manuscript sources run thin, Reinhard has brought the story of the Republican Right Wing forward to President Ronald Reagan's inauguration, placing Right Wing Republican reaction to the Johnson and the Nixon-Ford years within the context of the earlier period and chronicling the electoral triumph of Ronald Reagan and the Republican Right. Students of the past and observers of the present will appreciate Reinhard's treatment of the always-troubled Nixon-Republican Right association; challenger Ronald Reagan's battle against President Gerald Ford in 1976; the decline of GOP moderation; and the rise of the New Right-Moral Majority forces and their relationship to the now ascendant Republican Right.Reinhard illuminates the conservative Republican past and thereby makes the current political scene more understandable. Thoroughly researched and brilliantly written, The Republican Right since 1945 will fascinate scholars and general readers alike.", "author": "David W. Reinhard", "slug": "the-republican-right-since-1945-147534-9780813164403-david-w-reinhard", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164403.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147534", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147534/the-republican-right-since-1945-147534-9780813164403-david-w-reinhard", "bisac_codes": [ "POL015000", "HIS036060" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164403", "EISBN10": "0813164400" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023422652" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147533", "attributes": { "name": "Henslowe's Rose", "subtitle": "The Stage and Staging", "description": "Some of the most famous plays in the English language were performed on the stage of the Rose theater, which stood on the Bankside in Elizabethan London. Henslowe's Rose is the first full-length study of this important theater.Rhodes gives as full an account as the evidence of contemporary pictures and documents permits of those Rose, the method of its construction, its general plan, its repertory of plays, and its staging. From the action of these plays he deduces the form of the stage itself and the nature of its facilities. The total of five openings in the walls at stage-level is of particular significance, since the most widely held conception of the Shakespearean stage has been based primarily on the De Witt sketch of the Swan theater, showing a two-opening facade.The contemporary pictorial evidence used by Rhodes is reproduced in this volume for the convenience of the reader. In addition many sketches and plans illustrate Rhodes's findings, which are summed up in a photograph of a model built to specifications derived from such sources as Henslowe's diary, contemporary pictures of the outside of the Rose, and the Vitruvian theater plan.", "author": "Ernest L. Rhodes", "slug": "henslowes-rose-147533-9780813164397-ernest-l-rhodes", "thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/9780813164397.jpg", "default_thumbnail_image": "//redshelf-images.s3-external-1.amazonaws.com/thumbnail/default_book_thumbnail.jpg", "product_type": "book", "product_id": "147533", "product_url": "/app/ecom/book/147533/henslowes-rose-147533-9780813164397-ernest-l-rhodes", "bisac_codes": [ "DRA003000", "1.1.2.2.0.0.0" ], "items_count": null, "identifiers": { "EISBN13": "9780813164397", "EISBN10": "0813164397" }, "drm": null, "cover_image": null, "default_cover_image": null, "book_type": null }, "relationships": { "lowest_offering": { "data": { "type": "offerings", "id": "00010023422695" } } } }, { "type": "Product", "id": "00010000147532", "attributes": { "name": "The Allegheny Frontier", "subtitle": "West Virginia Beginnings, 17301830", "description": "The Allegheny frontier, comprising the mountainous area of present-day West Virginia and bordering states, is studied here in a broad context of frontier history and national development. The region was significant in the great American westward movement, but Otis K. Rice seeks also to call attention to the impact of the frontier experience upon the later history of the Allegheny Highlands. He sees a relationship between its prolonged frontier experience and the problems of Appalachia in the twentieth century.Through an intensive study of the social, economic, and political developments in pioneer West Virginia, Rice shows that during the period 17301830 some of the most significant features of West Virginia life and thought were established. There also appeared evidences of arrested development, which contrasted sharply with the expansiveness, ebullience, and optimism commonly associated with the American frontier. In this period customs, manners, and folkways associated with the conquest of the wilderness to root and became characteristic of the mountainous region well into the twentieth century. During this pioneer period, problems also took root that continue to be associated with the region, such as poverty, poor infrastructure, lack of economic development, and problematic education.Since the West Virginia frontier played an important role in the westward thrust of migration through the Alleghenies, Rice also provides some account of the role of West Virginia in the French and Indian War, eighteenth-century land speculations, the Revolutionary War, and national events after the establishment of the federal government in 1789.", "author": "Otis K. 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Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union intervened actively in the war, using Spain as a testing ground for their military equipment and techniques and their political ideologies. In this first in-depth study of the politics of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, R. Dan Richardson views the Brigades in the wider context of both the complex political-military alignments of Loyalist Spain and the broader Soviet-Comintern strategy during the Popular Front era. While not denying the generous impulse that led many young men the world over to enlist in the cause of the Spanish Republic, he sees the Brigades primarily as instruments of communist policy. 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